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CSS Solved Precis 1996

Q. 2. Write a précis of the following passage and also suggest a suitable title:

Along with the new revelations of science and psychology there have also occurred distortions of what is being discovered. -Most of the scientists and psychologists have accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution and his observations on “survival of the fittest” as a final word. While enunciating his-postulate on the concept of the fittest, Darwin primarily projected physical force as the main criterion, and remained unmindful of the culture of mind, The psychologist, on the other hand, in his exclusive involvement with the psyche, has overlooked the potential of man’s physical-self and the world outside him. No synthesis has been attempted between the two with the obvious result of the one being sacrificed at the altar of the other. This has given birth to a civilisation which is wholly based on economic considerations, transforming man into a mere “economic being” and limiting, his pleasures and sorrows to sensuous cravings. With the force of his craft and guns, this man of the modern world gave birth to two cannibalistic philosophies, the cunning capitalism and the callous communism. They joined hands to block the evolution of man as a cultural entity, denuding him of the feelings of love, sympathy, and humanness. Technologically, man is immensely powerful; culturally, he is the creature ‘of stoneage, as lustful as ever, and equally ignorant of his destiny. The two world wars and the resultant attitudes display harrowing distortion of the purposes of life and power. In this agonizing situation the Scientist is harnessing forces of nature, placing them at the feet of his country’s leaders, to be used against people in other parts of the world. This state of his servility makes the functions of the scientist appear merely to push humanity to a state of perpetual fear, and lead man to the inevitable destruction as a species with his own inventions and achievements. This irrational situation raises many questions. They concern the role of a scientist, the function of religion, the conduct of politician who is directing the course of history, and the future role of man as a species. There is an obvious mutilation of the purpose of creation, and the relationship .between Cosmos, Life, and Man is hidden from eyes; they have not been viewed collectively.

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CSS Solved Precis 1996Read More »

CSS Solved Precis 1996 Read More »

In an aeroplane 400 passengers are board, in which 52% are Pakistani, 17% are Chinese, 12% are Iranian and rest of passengers are British.

1. Find the passengers of each country.

2. What is the percentage of British people?

Given:

Total Passengers = 400

Percentage of Pakistani Passengers = 52%

Percentage of Chinese Passengers = 17%

Percentage of Iranian Passengers = 12%

…

In an aeroplane 400 passengers are board, in which 52% are Pakistani, 17% are Chinese, 12% are Iranian and rest of passengers are British.Read More »

In an aeroplane 400 passengers are board, in which 52% are Pakistani, 17% are Chinese, 12% are Iranian and rest of passengers are British. Read More »

Q: 2(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – What is ‘Black Hole’? How black holes are formed and discovered?

A black hole is a region of space-time where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. It is a singularity, a point of infinite density, where the laws of physics as we know them break down. Black holes are some of the most mysterious and fascinating objects in the universe, and studying them can help us better understand the nature of gravity, space, and time.

Formation of Black Holes:

Black holes can be formed in several ways, but the most common method is through the collapse of a massive star. When a massive star runs out of fuel, it can no longer generate enough pressure to counteract the force of gravity. The star’s core collapses under its own weight, and if the mass of the core is greater than about three times that of the sun, it will continue to collapse until it becomes a singularity, surrounded by an event horizon – the point of no return. This creates a black hole.

Another way that black holes can be formed is through the collision of two neutron stars, which are the collapsed cores of massive stars. When two neutron stars collide, the resulting object can be massive enough to collapse into a black hole.

Discovering Black Holes:

Black holes cannot be directly observed, as they do not emit any light or radiation that can be detected. Instead, their presence is inferred through their gravitational effects on nearby matter. When a black hole is near a star, it can pull gas and dust from the star’s outer layers, creating a disk of material that is heated to high temperatures and emits X-rays. These X-rays can be detected by telescopes and used to infer the presence of a black hole.

Another way that black holes can be detected is through their gravitational effects on nearby objects. When a black hole passes close to another star or a planet, its gravity can cause the orbit of the object to change. These changes can be measured and used to infer the presence of a black hole.

In addition, black holes can be detected through gravitational waves, ripples in space-time that are caused by the acceleration of massive objects. When two black holes merge, they emit a burst of gravitational waves that can be detected by instruments such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).

Types of Black Holes:

There are three types of black holes, based on their size and mass:

1. Stellar Black Holes: These are the smallest type of black holes, with masses ranging from a few times that of the sun to around 20 times that of the sun. They are formed by the collapse of a single massive star.

2. Intermediate Black Holes: These are intermediate in size, with masses ranging from around 100 to 100,000 times that of the sun. Their origins are not well understood, but they may be formed through the collision of multiple stars.

3. Supermassive Black Holes: These are the largest type of black holes, with masses ranging from hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun. They are found at the centers of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy. The origins of supermassive black holes are still not well understood.

In conclusion, black holes are some of the most fascinating and mysterious objects in the universe. They are formed through the collapse of massive stars or the collision of multiple stars, and their presence is inferred through their gravitational effects on nearby matter. While they cannot be directly observed, their study can help us better understand the nature of gravity, space, and time.

Q: 2(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – What is ‘Black Hole’? How black holes are formed and discovered? Read More »

Q: 3(a)(i) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Why the bat and whale are considered as mammals?

Bats and whales are considered mammals because they share several key characteristics with other mammals. These characteristics include:

1. Mammary Glands: All mammals, including bats and whales, have mammary glands that produce milk to nourish their young.

2. Hair/Fur: Most mammals, including bats and whales, have hair or fur on their bodies that provides insulation and protection.

3. Warm-Blooded: Mammals are warm-blooded, meaning they can regulate their body temperature internally, which allows them to live in a wide range of environments.

4. Three Middle Ear Bones: Mammals have three middle ear bones, which help to transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear. This allows for a more efficient hearing mechanism.

5. Live Birth: Most mammals give birth to live young, rather than laying eggs.

Bats and whales are also unique in their adaptations to their specific environments. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, which has allowed them to occupy a unique ecological niche. They have wings formed from modified arms and elongated fingers that are covered with skin, forming a lightweight and flexible membrane that enables them to fly.

Whales, on the other hand, are adapted to life in the water. They have streamlined bodies, a layer of blubber for insulation, and powerful tail fins for propulsion. Their limbs have been modified into flippers, and their nostrils have moved to the top of their head to form a blowhole, which allows them to breathe while swimming.


In conclusion, bats and whales are considered mammals because they share key characteristics with other mammals, such as mammary glands, hair/fur, warm-bloodedness, three middle ear bones, and live birth. They are also adapted to their unique environments in ways that make them highly specialized and successful in their ecological niches.

Q: 3(a)(i) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Why the bat and whale are considered as mammals? Read More »

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