Written Preparation

Introduction to Gender Studies: Understanding Identity, Society, and Equality

In today’s world, conversations about gender have become increasingly central to discussions on identity, human rights, and societal structures.

Gender Studies, a multidisciplinary field that examines the social and cultural constructions of gender, provides an academic platform for exploring these complex and evolving issues.

It investigates how gender intersects with other social categories like race, class, and sexuality, shaping individual experiences and societal expectations.

This introduction to Gender Studies will explore its origins, key concepts, significance in contemporary society, and the ways it challenges conventional ideas about identity and power.

…

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Introduction to Gender Studies: Understanding Identity, Society, and Equality Read More »

Special CSS 2023 International Relations I MCQs 15 October 2023

1. Nation building is best described as:
A. Relations with neighbors
B. National identity
C. Rule of Law
D. Policy of isolation

B. National identity

2. _________ claims that rich core capitalist societies succeed by exploiting poorer peripheral ones:
A. World Economic Forum
B. World Politics Review
C. World Development Report
D. World System Theory

D. World System Theory

3. The main aim of CTBT is:
A. Prevent the spread of Nuclear weapons
B. Eliminating Nuclear Weapons
C. Spread Nuclear Technology for Peace
D. Complete Cessation of Nuclear Testing

D. Complete Cessation of Nuclear Testing

4. Southwest Asia is also Known as:
A. Eurasia
B. Middle East
C. Asia Pacific
D. Greater Asia

B. Middle East

5. Washington Consensus is:
A. To maximize global welfare
B. To make new world order
C. To fight against terrorism
D. To support human right organizations

A. To maximize global welfare

6. The Fourteen Points of US President Woodrow Wilson were enunciated in:
A. The Conference of Versailles
B. The Congress of Vienna
C. The Yalta Conference MNCs are considered
D. None of these

A. The Conference of Versailles

7. MNC’s are considered _________ in formation of state foreign policy.
A. Regional Actors
B. Interstate Actors
C. Non State Actors
D. Supranational Actors

C. Non State Actors

8. _______ invaded China in 1938 as part of a mass campaign of territorial expansion:
A. USA
B. Germany
C. Soviet Union
D. Japan

D. Japan

9. Concert diplomacy is:
A. Organise diplomatic interaction
B. New laws for diplomacy
C. Harmonized diplomatic negotiations
D. Luna-55

C. Harmonized diplomatic negotiations

10. The term ‘containment’ was coined by:
A. Harry S Trueman
B. F. W. de Klark
C. George F Kennan
D. Alfred Dreyfus

C. George F Kennan

11. Two Goals of the World Bank includes:
A. Eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity
B. Reducing trade barriers and boosting trade
C. Increase foreign direct investment and promote economic stability
D. All of these

A. Eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity

12. La Patrie a French word used for
A. Motherland
B. Citizens
C. Fatherland
D. Empire

C. Fatherland

13. Author of the book “The Indus Saga and Making of Pakistan” is:
A. Aitzaz Ahsan
B. Sherry Rehman
C. Shirin Mazari
D. Rashid Ahmed

A. Aitzaz Ahsan

14. Article 5 of NATO deals with:
A. Collective Security
B. Collective Engagement
C. Collective Defense
D. Collective Responsibility

C. Collective Defense

15. In the constitution of USA, the first ten amendments are called:
A. The rights of president
B. The bill of judicial review
C. The bill of Rights
D. The bill of check and balances

C. The bill of Rights

16. An increase in the amount of nuclear weapons in the world is referred as:
A. Zero Sum Game
B. Horizontal Proliferation
C. Vertical Proliferation
D. None of these

B. Horizontal Proliferation

17. UNFCCC stands for:
A. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
B. United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change
C. United Nations Framework Covenant on Climate Change
D. None of these

A. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

18. Contemporary Diplomacy is conducted by:
A. State Actors
B. State and non state Actors
C. Trained diplomats
D. Citizens Page

B. State and non state Actors

19. International Relations is best explained by the theory of:
A. Constructivism
B. Liberalism
C. Realism
D. Idealism

C. Realism

20. _________ is the father of Pragmatism:
A. Charles Sanders Peirce
B. Kenneth waltz
C. William James
D. John Ruggie

A. Charles Sanders Peirce

Special CSS 2023 International Relations I MCQs 15 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 General Science & Ability MCQs 13 October 2023

1. Apparently, the Solar System is moving around the galaxy with a speed of:
A. 50 km/s
B. 200 km/s
C. 500 km/s
D. Not moving at all

B. 200 km/s

2. The image formation in the James Webb Space Telescope is due to:
A. Gamma-Rays
B. X-Rays
C. Visible light
D. Infra-Red Rays

D. Infra-Red Rays

3. In general, the Cancer in a human body is caused by changes to:
A. Virus
B. RNA
C. DNA
D. All of these

C. DNA

4. In a year, light travels a distance of:
A. 9.4 x 109 km
B. 9.4 x 1012 km
C. 9.4 x 1015 km
D. None of these

B. 9.4 x 1012 km

5. The location below the Earth’s surface where the Earthquake starts is called:
A. Epicenter
B. Hypocenter
C. Tectonic center
D. All of these

B. Hypocenter

6. During the combustion of gasoline in a vehicle engine, the energy used is:
A. Chemical
B. Mechanical
C. Electrical
D. All of these

A. Chemical

7. A Bar is System International unit to measure:
A. Temperature
B. Energy
C. Pressure
D. Force

C. Pressure

8. One may define Renewable Energy as:
A. Energy derived from non-traditional sources
B. Energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
C. Energy fueled into ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
D. All of these

B. Energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment

9. The sky looks blue due to:
A. The scattering of sunlight by the Atmosphere
B. The presence of water vapors in the air.
C. Absorption of blue light by the atmosphere
D. Presence of CO, in the atmosphere.

A. The scattering of sunlight by the Atmosphere

10. Soil pollution is caused by:
A. Aerosol
B. Ozone
C. Acid rain
D. All of these

C. Acid rain

11. The correct full form of “AI” is:
A. Artificially Intelligent
B. Artificial Intelligence
C. Artificially Intelligence
D. Advanced Intelligence

B. Artificial Intelligence

12. A ‘Cyclone’ is generated due to:
A. High Temperature
B. High Humidity
C. Low Pressure
D. All of these

C. Low Pressure

13. The Radioactive isotopes are formed by neutrons bombardment on the Nucleus, these incident neutrons must have ________ to penetrate in the nucleus.
A. Very high velocity
B. Very low velocity
C. Intermediate velocity
D. All of these

A. Very high velocity

14. An ‘Enzyme’ is a chemical substance that is found in living creatures; It is a:
A. Protein
B. Bacteria
C. Virus
D. All of these

A. Protein

15. An Antibiotic is a drug used to treat infections caused by;
A. Protein
B. Bacteria
C. Virus
D. All of these

B. Bacteria

16. In the covalent bonding, electron of two atoms:
A. Share with each other
B. Transfer from one atom to another
C. Attract the ions and delocalized electrons
D. None of these

A. Share with each other

17. The day and night are formed due to ‘Earth’ rotation on its own axis from:
A. North to South
B. South to North
C. East to West
D. West to East

D. West to East

18. The chemical formula for Methane gas is:
A. CH8
B. CH6
C. CH4
D. CH2

C. CH4

19. The Artificial Intelligence term was invented by:
A. Geoffrey Hinton
B. Albert Einstein
C. Alan M. Turing
D. John McCarthy

D. John McCarthy

20. Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to as:
A. Pathogens
B. Coliform bacteria
C. Viruses
D. All of these

A. Pathogens

Special CSS 2023 General Science & Ability MCQs 13 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 English Precis & Composition MCQs 12 October 2023

1. Select the appropriate Synonym of OMNISCIENT:
A. Unconscious
B. Supernatural
C. Inadvertent
D. All-knowing

D. All-knowing

2. Select the appropriate Synonym of RESUSCITATE:
A. Re-emphasize
B. Revive
C. Rehabilitate
D. Complicate

B. Revive

3. Select the appropriate Synonym of AMBIVALENCE:
A. Inconclusiveness
B. Antagonism
C. Stupidity
D. Arrogance

A. Inconclusiveness

4. Select the appropriate Synonym of RHETORIC:
A. Abundance
B. Renunciation
C. Oratory
D. Rhythm

C. Oratory

5. Select the appropriate Synonym of EXONERATE:
A. Absolve
B. Analyze
C. Authenticate
D. Alleviate

A. Absolve

6. Select the appropriate Synonym of INERT:
A. Introvert
B. Inadequate
C. Defamatory
D. Passive

D. Passive

7. Select the appropriate Synonym of PRECIPITATION:
A. Prediction
B. Probability
C. Rain
D. Promulgation

C. Rain

8. Select the appropriate Synonym of ENTREPRENEUR:
A. Interpreter
B. Counterpart
C. Efficient
D. Businessman

D. Businessman

9. Select the appropriate Synonym of LUCRATIVE:
A. Fortunate
B. Profitable
C. Laborious
D. Recreational

B. Profitable

10. Select the appropriate Synonym of CYNOSURE:
A. Focus
B. Cypher
C. Cynic
D. Reluctant

A. Focus

11. Select the appropriate Antonym of INNOCUOUS:
A. Unconvincing
B. Identical
C. Harmful
D. Inevitable

C. Harmful

12. Select the appropriate Antonym of MISANTHROPIST:
A. Humanist
B. Sadistic
C. Genius
D. Capitalist

A. Humanist

13. Select the appropriate Antonym of PRAGMATISM:
A. Pessimism
B. Idealism
C. Valour
D. Skepticism

B. Idealism

14. Select the appropriate Antonym of PIVOTAL:
A. Auxiliary
B. Paternal
C. Futuristic
D. Centrifugal

A. Auxiliary

15. Select the appropriate Antonym of COMMEMORATE:
A. Overlook
B. Command
C. Counter
D. Narrate

A. Overlook

16. Select the appropriate Antonym of HUMANE:
A. Sober
B. Cruel
C. Harmonious
D. Divine

B. Cruel

17. Select the appropriate Antonym of CLANDESTINE:
A. Spontaneous
B. Open
C. Unresolved
D. Inadvertent

B. Open

18. Select the appropriate Antonym of COMMUNISM:
A. Socialism
B. Imperialism
C. Colonialism
D. Capitalism

D. Capitalism

19. Select the appropriate Antonym of FICTICIOUS:
A. Realistic
B. Factual
C. Functional
D. Futuristic

B. Factual

20. Select the appropriate Antonym of REVERE:
A. Deride
B. Demoralize
C. Rectify
D. Pre-empt

A. Deride

Special CSS 2023 English Precis & Composition MCQs 12 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 International Law MCQs 17 October 2023

1. Delicts juris gentium means:
A. Wrongs recognized by private International law
B. Wrongs recognized by public international law
C. Wrongs recognized by law in general
D. None of these

B. Wrongs recognized by public international law

2. Subject of International law are:
A. State entity
B. Non state entity
C. Both A and B
D. None of these

C. Both A and B

3. The charter of UN was drawn up by:
A. Moscow and Tehran conference 1943
B. London declaration 1943
C. San Francisco Conference 1945
D. None of these

C. San Francisco Conference 1945

4. Article 5 of the International court of justice envisage:
A. Crime within jurisdiction of Court
B. Crime against humanity
C. War Crime
D. None of these

D. None of these

5. Treaties are the “supreme law of the land”, where it is laid down?
A. Constitution of UK
B. Constitution of USA
C. UN charter
D. None of these

B. Constitution of USA

6. Rebus sic stantibus means:
A. He who owns the surface has title both to the airspace above and under subsoil
B. He who owns the surface has title to the airspace above only
C. An obligation that agreement come to an end with change of circumstances
D. None of these

C. An obligation that agreement come to an end with change of circumstances

7. Jura in re aliena:
A. Rights on ones own territory
B. Rights in another property
C. Law of another country
D. None of these

B. Rights in another property

8. Ratione temporis means:
A. By reason of the subject matter
B. Not subject to any sovereignty.
C. Conditioned by reference to time
D. None of these

C. Conditioned by reference to time

9. Res nullius means:
A. Ownerless property
B. Unauthorized use of territory
C. Authorized use of property
D. None of these

A. Ownerless property

10. Stipulation pour autrui means:
A. Contractual obligation in favour of one party
B. Contractual obligation in favour of third part
C. Agreements are made to be fulfilled
D. None of these

B. Contractual obligation in favour of third part

11. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights was adopted in:
A. 1976
B. 1969
C. 1966
D. None of these

C. 1966

12. The International Covenant on Civil and political rights was adopted in:
A. 1966
B. 1949
C. 1986
D. None of these

A. 1966

13. Erga omnes means:
A. Binding on all states irrespective of consent
B. Binding on consenting parties
C. Rules governing conduct of war
D. None of these

A. Binding on all states irrespective of consent

14. Article 59 of statute of ICJ provides that:
A. The decision of Court has binding force except between parties
B. The decision of Court has no binding force except between parties
C. Statue of ICJ refers to a general practice accepted as law.
D. None of these

B. The decision of Court has no binding force except between parties

15. Jus Sanguinis means:
A. Mode of acquiring nationality by fact of birth
B. Mode of acquiring nationality by fact of descent
C. Aw of acquiring nationality
D. None of these

B. Mode of acquiring nationality by fact of descent

16. Article 62 of the Vienna convention on the law of treaties 1969 deals with:
A. Reservation clauses in a treaty
B. Effect of treaty
C. Pacta sunt servanda
D. None of these

A. Reservation clauses in a treaty

17. Dejure recognition of the state is:
A. A permanent and legal recognition
B. A temporary recognition
C. Necessary for defacto recognition
D. None of these

A. A permanent and legal recognition

18. Jus ad bellum means:
A. Rules governing conduct of war
B. Rules governing resort to war
C. Agreements binding on states
D. None of these

B. Rules governing resort to war

19. Jus cogen are peremptory norms from which a derogation is:
A. Possible with consent of states
B. Possible with approval of UN
C. Possible through bilateral treaty
D. None of these

D. None of these

20. The Estrada doctrine relates to:
A. Delimitation of boundaries
B. Jurisdiction over aliens
C. Recognition of states
D. None of these

C. Recognition of states

Special CSS 2023 International Law MCQs 17 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 History of USA MCQs 17 October 2023

1. In his first voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus first landed in:
A. Cuba
B. Trinidad
C. Bahamas
D. None of these

C. Bahamas

2. George Washington became President in
A. 1781
B. 1789
C. 1801
D. None of these

B. 1789

3. The Declaration of Independence was written by
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. John Adams
D. None of these

B. Thomas Jefferson

4. The American National Anthem was composed by
A. Frances Scott Key
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. Patrick Henry
D. None of these

A. Frances Scott Key

5. Before Civil War the principal crop of the South was
A. Tobacco
B. Cotton
C. Sugarcane
D. None of these

B. Cotton

6. What revolution in Europe was influenced most directly by the American Revolution?
A. Glorious Revolution
B. French Revolution
C. Industrial Revolution
D. None of these

B. French Revolution

7. Alaska was purchased from Russia in
A. 1867
B. 1857
C. 1847
D. None of these

A. 1867

8. Jefferson purchased Louisiana from
A. Spain
B. Germany
C. France
D. None of these

C. France

9. The first capital of the United States was
A. New York City
B. Washington
C. Philadelphia
D. None of these

A. New York City

10. In 1836 Texas declared its independence from
A. Mexico
B. France
C. Spain
D. None of these

A. Mexico

11. Texas was annexed by the United States as the
A. 28th state of the Union
B. 29th state of the Union
C. 27th state of the Union
D. None of these

A. 28th state of the Union

12. Which territory joined the Union after Alaska?
A. Arizona
B. Hawaii
C. Oregon
D. None of these

B. Hawaii

13. Who is known as the ‘Father of the Constitution’?
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. George Washington
C. James Madison
D. None of these

C. James Madison

14. The concept of ‘Separation of Powers’ in US Constitution was taken from
A. Montesquieu
B. Voltaire
C. Rousseau
D. None of these

A. Montesquieu

15. Watergate Scandal came to light in
A. 1972
B. 1982
C. 1962
D. None of these

A. 1972

16. Which Amendment to the Constitution limited presidents to a maximum of two terms in office?
A. 22nd
B. 23rd
C. 24th
D. None of these

A. 22nd

17. The United States entered World War One in
A. 1915
B. 1917
C. 1918
D. None of these

B. 1917

18. The League of Nations was effectively dissolved in
A. April 1945
B. April 1946
C. Dec 1946
D. None of these

B. April 1946

19. Attack on Pearl Harbor took place in
A. 1940
B. 1941
C. 1942
D. None of these

B. 1941

20. Diplomatic relations between the United States and the People’s Republic of China were established in
A. 1979
B. 1980
C. 1981
D. None of these

A. 1979

Special CSS 2023 History of USA MCQs 17 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 Current Affairs MCQs 13 October 2023

1. Which country recently removed British monarchy from its banknotes?
A. New Zealand
B. United Kingdom
C. South Africa
D. None of these

D. None of these (Australia)

Australia is removing the British monarchy from its bank notes. The nation’s central bank said Thursday its new $5 bill would feature an Indigenous design rather than an image of King Charles III. 02-Feb-2023

2. When did Indian spacecraft mission Chandrayaan-3 landed on the moon?
A. 23 August 2023
B. 25 August 2023
C. 27 August 2023
D. None of these

A. 23 August 2023

Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole on Aug. 23, making India only the fourth nation in history to stick a lunar landing, after the U.S., Russia and China.

3. Which country won FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023?
A. Germany
B. North Korea
C. Spain
D. None of these

C. Spain

Spain secured their first ever Women’s World Cup title with a 1-0 win over England at the 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup final in Sydney on Sunday (20 August 2023)

4. The Biden administration released ‘National Cyber Security Strategy’ on:
A. 2 March 2023
B. 3 March 2023
C. 4 March 2023
D. None of these

A. 2 March 2023

  • The Biden-Harris Administration has unveiled the National Cybersecurity Strategy to ensure a safe and secure digital ecosystem for all Americans.
  • Aims to reimagine cyberspace to align with American values, economic security, and human rights.
  • Emphasizes fundamental shifts in cybersecurity responsibilities and resource allocation.

5. What is the theme for Earth Day 2023?
A. Protect leaves
B. Invest in humans
C. Invest in our planet
D. None of these

C. Invest in our planet

The theme of World Earth Day 2023 is “Invest in Our Planet”, calling for businesses to shift towards sustainable practices. Earth Day is celebrated on April 22 every year. The day is also known as International Mother Earth Day.

6. Australia banned Tik-Tok in:
A. May 2023
B. July 2023
C. August 2023
D. None of these

D. None of these (04 April 2023)

7. In July 2023, China replaced its foreign minister Qin Yang with:
A. Yin kou
B. Sush Tai
C. Wang Yi
D. None of these

C. Wang Yi

BEIJING, July 25 (Reuters) – China named veteran diplomat Wang Yi its new foreign minister on Tuesday, removing former rising star Qin Gang after a mysterious one-month absence from duties barely half a year into the job.

8. The war between Ukraine and Russia began on:
A. 22 Feb 2022
B. 24 Feb 2022
C. 22 March 2022
D. None of these

B. 24 Feb 2022

The war between Ukraine and Russia began on February 24, 2022, when Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

9. According to SIPRI’s data on global military spending in 2022, which country is the world’s largest military spender?
A. China
B. India
C. Russia
D. None of these

D. None of these (United States)

The top five military spenders in 2022 were:

1. United States – $877 billion

2. China – $293 billion

3. India – $76.6 billion

4. United Kingdom – $68.4 billion

5. Russia – $65.9 billion

10. Global Convention on Higher Education UNESCO entered into force on:
A. 4 March 2023
B. 5 March 2023
C. 6 March 2023
D. None of these

B. 5 March 2023

11. The Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on May 12-13, 2023.
A. 5th
B. 6th
C. 7th
D. None of these

B. 6th

On May 12–13, Dhaka hosted the sixth annual Indian Ocean Conference, an event that typically brings together government officials, diplomats, and think tanks from different countries, notably littoral and island ones, to explore ways to bolster regional collaboration.

12. World Development Report is released by?
A. IMF
B. World Bank
C. UN
D. None of these

B. World Bank

13. Who became the Prime Minster of France in May 2022?
A. Élisabeth Borne
B. Ubiles Tauza
C. Élisa Brick
D. None of these

A. Élisabeth Borne

Élisabeth Borne became the Prime Minister of France in May 2022. She was appointed by President Emmanuel Macron on May 16, 2022, and her government was announced on May 20, 2022.

Borne is the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of France, after Édith Cresson in 1992. She is also the first person from the private sector to be appointed Prime Minister in over 30 years.

14. 15th BRICS summit was held in August 2023 in:
A. Moscow
B. Delhi
C. Beijing
D. None of these

D. None of these (South Africa)

The 15th BRICS summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa on August 22-24, 2023.

The theme of the summit was “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development and Inclusive Multilateralism.” The summit focused on strengthening cooperation between BRICS countries and African countries in areas such as trade, investment, infrastructure development, and technology transfer.

The summit was attended by the leaders of the five BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. In addition, the leaders of 67 African countries were invited to attend as guests.

15. The 5th June 2023 ‘World Environment Day’ focused on:
A. Thermal Pollution
B. Plastic Pollution
C. Noise Pollution
D. None of these

B. Plastic Pollution

In 2023, World Environment Day focused on showcasing solutions to plastic pollution, underscoring the need for a comprehensive “whole-of-society approach” to combatting the plastic pollution crisis.

16. When did the Taliban, took over control of Kabul?
A. July 2021
B. August 2021
C. September 2021
D. None of these

B. August 2021

The Taliban took control of Kabul on August 15, 2021.

On that day, Taliban forces entered Kabul without opposition from Afghan government forces. President Ashraf Ghani fled the country, and the Taliban declared victory.

17. Pakistan was officially removed from the FATF ‘Grey List’ on:
A. August 21, 2021
B. September 21, 2022
C. October 21, 2022
D. None of these

C. October 21, 2022

The global money laundering and financing watchdog on 21 October 2023 removed Pakistan from its list of countries under “increased monitoring” after four years.

18. Which footballer won the ‘Best FIFA Men’s Player Award’ in 2023?
A. Kylian Mbappe Cristiano
B. Ronaldo
C. Lionel Messi
D. None of these

C. Lionel Messi

Argentina captain Lionel Messi has been named the best player in men’s football by FIFA, at The Best FIFA Football Awards in Paris.

19. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recently suspended the membership of which country?
A. Ukraine
B. Russia
C. Afghanistan
D. None of these

B. Russia

Financial Action Task Force Suspends the Membership of the Russian Federation, and Identifies Jurisdictions with Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism and Counter-Proliferation Deficiencies.09-Mar-2023

20. Israel signed in October 2022 a US-mediated sea border deal with:
A. Turkey
B. Lebanon
C. Egypt
D. None of these

B. Lebanon

The agreement opens up the possibility for both countries to exploit reserves in the gas-rich Mediterranean Sea.

Practice MCQs

Special CSS 2023 Current Affairs MCQs 13 October 2023 Read More »

CSS Solved Precis 1996

Q. 2. Write a précis of the following passage and also suggest a suitable title:

Along with the new revelations of science and psychology there have also occurred distortions of what is being discovered. -Most of the scientists and psychologists have accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution and his observations on “survival of the fittest” as a final word. While enunciating his-postulate on the concept of the fittest, Darwin primarily projected physical force as the main criterion, and remained unmindful of the culture of mind, The psychologist, on the other hand, in his exclusive involvement with the psyche, has overlooked the potential of man’s physical-self and the world outside him. No synthesis has been attempted between the two with the obvious result of the one being sacrificed at the altar of the other. This has given birth to a civilisation which is wholly based on economic considerations, transforming man into a mere “economic being” and limiting, his pleasures and sorrows to sensuous cravings. With the force of his craft and guns, this man of the modern world gave birth to two cannibalistic philosophies, the cunning capitalism and the callous communism. They joined hands to block the evolution of man as a cultural entity, denuding him of the feelings of love, sympathy, and humanness. Technologically, man is immensely powerful; culturally, he is the creature ‘of stoneage, as lustful as ever, and equally ignorant of his destiny. The two world wars and the resultant attitudes display harrowing distortion of the purposes of life and power. In this agonizing situation the Scientist is harnessing forces of nature, placing them at the feet of his country’s leaders, to be used against people in other parts of the world. This state of his servility makes the functions of the scientist appear merely to push humanity to a state of perpetual fear, and lead man to the inevitable destruction as a species with his own inventions and achievements. This irrational situation raises many questions. They concern the role of a scientist, the function of religion, the conduct of politician who is directing the course of history, and the future role of man as a species. There is an obvious mutilation of the purpose of creation, and the relationship .between Cosmos, Life, and Man is hidden from eyes; they have not been viewed collectively.

…

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