Written Preparation

CSS Solved Precis 2004

Q1. Make a precis of the given passage and suggest a suitable heading:

We’re dealing with a very dramatic and very fundamental paradigm shift here. You may try” to lubricate your’ social interactions with personality techniques and skills, but in the process, you may truncate the vital character base. You can’t have the fruits without the roots. It’s the principle of sequencing: Private victory precedes Public Victory. Selfmastery and self-discipline are the foundation of good relationship with others. Some people say that you have to like yourself before you can like others. I think’ that idea has merit but if you don’t know yourself, if you don’t control yourself, if you don’t have mastery over yourself, it’s very hard to like yourself, except in some short-term, psychup, superficial way. Real self-respect comes from dominion over*self from true independence. Independence is an achievement. Inter dependence is a choice only independent people can make. Unless we are willing to achieve real independence, it’s foolish to try to develop human relations skills. We might try. We might even have some degree of success when the sun is shining. But when the difficult times come – and they will – We won’t have the foundation to keep things together. The most important ingredient we put into any relationship is not what we say or what we do, but what we are. And if our words and our actions come from superficial human relations techniques (the Personality Ethic) rather than from our own inner core (the character Ethic), others will sense that duplicity. We simply won’t be able to create and sustain the foundation necessary” for effective interdependence. The techniques and skills that really make a difference in human interaction are the ones that almost naturally flow from a truly independent character. So the place to begin building any relationship is inside ourselves, inside our Circle of Influence, our own character. As we become independent – Proactive, centered in correct principles, value driven and able to organize and execute around the priorities in our life with integrity – we then can choose to become interdependent – capable of building rich, enduring, highly productive relationships with other people.

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CSS Solved Precis 2003

Q1. Make a precis of the given passage and give a suitable heading:

If then a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of a society. Its ah is the art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, not creates heroes or inspires genius on the other. Works indeed of genius fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule; a University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations. It does not promise a generation of Aristotle or Newtons of Napoleons or Washingtons of Raphaels or Shakespearcs though such miracles of nature it has before now contained within its precincts. Nor is it content on the other hand with forming the critic or the experimentalist, the economist or the engineer, through such too it includes within its scope. But a University training is the great ordinary means to a great ordinary end; it aims at raising the intellectual tone of society, at cultivating the public mind, at purifying the national taste, at supplying true principles to popular aspirations. It is the education which gives a man a clear conscious view of his own opinions and judgments, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in expressing them, and a force in urging them, ft teaches him to sec things as they arc, to go right to the point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical and to – discard what is irrelevant. It prepares him to fill any post with credit, and to master any subject with facility. (John H. Ncwman)

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CSS Solved Precis 2002

Q1. Make a precis of the given passage, and also give a suitable heading

‘The official name of our species is homo sapiens; but there are many anthropologists who prefer to think of man as homo Fabcr-thc smith, the maker of tools It would be possible. I think, to reconcile these two definitions in a third. If man is a knower and an efficient doer, it is only because he is also a talker In order to be Faber and Sapiens, Homo must first be loquax, the loquacious one. Without language we should merely be hairless chimpanzees. Indeed \vc should be something much worse. Possessed of a high IQ but no language, we should be like the Yahoos of Gulliver’s Travels- Creatures too clever to be guided by instinct, too Self-centered to live in a state of animal grace, and therefore condemned forever, frustrated and malignant, between contented ape hood and aspiring ‘humanity. It was language that made possible the accumulation of knowledge and the broadcasting of information. It was language that permitted the expression of religious insight, the formulation of ethical ideals, the codification to laws, It was language, in a word, that turned us into human beings and gave birth to civilization.

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CSS Solved Precis 2001

Q1.Make a precise of the following passage in about one-third of its length and suggest a suitable heading.

It was not from want of perceiving the beauty of external nature but from the different way of perceiving it, that the early Greeks did not turn their genius to portray, either in colour or in poetry, the outlines, the hues, and contrasts of all fair valley, and hold cliffs, and golden moons, and rosy lawns which their beautiful country affords in lavish abundance.

Primitive people never so far as I know, enjoy when is called the picturesque in nature, wild forests, beetling cliffs, reaches of Alpine snow are with them great hindrances to human intercourse, and difficulties in the way of agriculture. They are furthermore the homes of the enemies of mankind, of the eagle, the wolf, or the tiger, and are most dangerous in times of earthquake or tempest. Hence the grand and striking features of nature are at first looked upon with fear and dislike.

I do not suppose that Greeks different in the respect from other people, except that the frequent occurrence of mountains and forests made agriculture peculiarly difficult and intercourse scanty, thus increasing their dislike for the apparently reckless waste in nature. We have even in Homer a similar feeling as regards the sea, — the sea that proved the source of all their wealth and the condition of most of their greatness. Before they had learned all this, they called it “the unvintagable sea” and looked upon its shore as merely so much waste land. We can, therefore, easily understand, how in the first beginning of Greek art, the representation of wild landscape would find no place, whereas, fruitful fields did not suggest themselves as more than the ordinary background. Art in those days was struggling with material nature to which it felt a certain antagonism.

There was nothing in the social circumstances of the Greeks to produce any revolution in this attitude during their greatest days. The Greek republics were small towns where the pressure of the city life was not felt. But as soon as the days of the Greeks republics were over, the men began to congregate for imperial purposes into Antioch, or Alexandria, or lastly into Rome, than we seek the effect of noise and dust and smoke and turmoil breaking out into the natural longing for rural rest and retirement so that from Alexander’s day …… We find all kinds of authors — epic poets, lyricist, novelists and preachers — agreeing in the precise of nature, its rich colours, and its varied sounds. Mohaffy: Rambles in Greece

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CSS Solved Precis 2000

Q1. Make a precis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Suggest a suitable title also.

Besant describing the middle class of the 9th century wrote ” In the first place it was for more a class apart. “In no sense did it belong to society. Men in professions of any kind (except in the Army and Navy) could only belong to society by right of birth and family connections; men in trade—bankers were still accounted tradesmen—could not possibly belong to society. That is to say, if they went to live in the country they were not called upon by the county families and in the town they were not admitted by the men into their clubs, or by ladies into their houses… The middle class knew its own place, respected itself, made its own society for itself, and cheerfully accorded to rank the deference due.”

Since then, however, the life of the middle classes had undergone great changes as their numbers had swelled and their influence had increased.

Their already well –developed consciousness of their own importance had deepened. More critical than they had been in the past of certain aspects of aristocratic life, they were also more concerned with the plight of the poor and the importance of their own values of society, thrift, hand work, piety and respectability thrift, hand work, piety and respectability as examples of ideal behavior for the guidance of the lower orders. Above all they were respectable. There were divergences of opinion as to what exactly was respectable and what was not. There were, nevertheless, certain conventions, which were universally recognized: wild and drunker behaviors were certainly not respectable, nor were godlessness or avert promiscuity, not an ill-ordered home life, unconventional manners, self-indulgence, or flamboyant clothes and personal adornments.

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CSS Solved Precis 1992

1. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title:

Throughout the ages of human development, men have been subject to miseries of two kinds: those imposed by external nature, and, those that human beings misguidedly inflicted upon each other. At first, by far the worst evils were those that were due to the environment. Man was a rare species, whose survival was precarious. Without the agility of the monkey, without any coating of fur, he has difficulty in escaping from wild beasts, and in most parts of the world could not endure the winter’s cold. He had only two biological advantages: the upright posture freed his hands, and intelligence enabled him to transmit experience.

Gradually these two advantages gave him supremacy. The numbers of the human species increased beyond those of any other large mammals. But nature could still assert her power by means of flood and famine and pestilence and by exacting from the great majority of mankind incessant toil in the securing of daily bread.

In our own day our bondage to external nature is fast diminishing, as a result of the growth of scientific intelligence. Famines and pestilence still occur, but we know better, year by year, what should be done to prevent them. Hard work is still necessary, but only because we are unwise: given peace and co-operation, we could subsist on a very moderate amount of toil. With the existing technique, we can, whenever we choose to exercise wisdom, be free of many ancient- forms –of bondage to external nature.

But the evils that men inflict upon each other have not diminished to the same degree. There are still wars, oppressions, and hideous cruelties, and greedy men still snatch wealth from those who are less skillful or less ruthless than themselves. Love of power still leads to vast tyrannies, or to mere obstruction when its grosser forms are impossible. And fear —deep scarcely conscious fear— is still the dominant motive in very many lives.

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Full Length Essay on Global Warming: Myth or Reality

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Introduction on Global Warming: Myth or Reality

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International Relations-II Repeated Questions from 2016-2022

Highlighted topics are the most repeated topics. So cover them first.

Russia or USSR or SU or Bolshevik
Q. No. 2. Discuss the core causes of the “Bolshevik Revolution” in Russia and explain its fundamental political and socio-economic impact on Western European politics. (2016)
Q. No. 2. To what extent did the regime established in Russia by the Bolsheviks represent its revolutionary ideology for consumerism, political stability, law and order, and social progress? (2018)
Q3. What are the Russian objectives behind the military intervention in Ukraine? Discuss Whether western sanctions can prove effective as an instrument to counter the Russian act. (2022)
Q. No. 7. Discuss Russia’s return to South Asia and United States’ Indo-Pacific Strategy. (2020)

Germany or Nazism
Q. No. 2. What were the foundational principles of Nazism using which Hitler raised to power in Germany? (2019)

Clash of Civilization
Q. No. 3. Critically analyze Samuel P. Huntington’s concept of “Clash of Civilizations”. Define its main characteristics and explain its devastating consequences on the different leading civilizations of the nations. (2016)

Foreign Policy
Q. No. 4. Discuss the moral imperatives of “Indian Foreign Policy” with the contending spirit of “Panchsheel” and evaluate how much it helps to strengthen diplomatic objectives of the country’s foreign policy? (2016)
Q. No. 5. An analysis of the anatomy of foreign policy is an essential pre-requisite to an understanding of the dynamics of International Relations. Analyze the central theme of Pakistan’s foreign policy in the war against terrorism? (2018)
Q. No. 6. How do rational theories of foreign policy explain state decision making? Discuss the tenets of the theory in light of the decision made by Pakistan in response to Saudi request of sending troops during the Yemen crisis in 2015. (2019)
Q3. Give a critical appraisal of Pakistan’s foreign policy from the perspective of Climate Change. (2021)
Q. No. 4. The manner in which a nation’s ideology dominates its foreign policy is constantly in confusion. Explore the relationship between capitalist democracy and foreign policy of the United States of America. (2018)

Pakistan & Afghanistan or Afghanistan only
Q. No. 5. Critically discuss main political, socio-economic and strategic hurdles between “Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations” and how can both countries come out from the Cold War scenario? (2016)
Q. No. 8. The most compelling challenge facing Afghanistan today is, dealing with the Afghan Taliban. What do you think of political engagement and accommodation between the Afghan government and Taliban giving way to stability in the region? (2018)
Q4. What could be the reason for the emerging water conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan? (2021)
Q. No. 6. Comment in detail on mechanism of conflict resolution between Pakistan and Afghanistan and on Durand line issue. (2020)
Q8. What are China’s interests in Afghanistan? Discuss its role and options in the country following the US exit. (2022)

Pakistan & India
Q. No. 2. Evaluate the significance of conflict between India and Pakistan in global perspective of terrorism. (2017)
Q. No. 6. Evaluate the significance of water conflict between India and Pakistan in perspective of Indus Water Treaty.( 2017)
Q5. How have the nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan evolved? What do their current doctrines imply for deterrence stability in South Asia? (2022)
Q. No. 6. One of the most serious dilemmas of South Asian politics is the contentious relations between Pakistan and India. What measures would you consider for normalization between the two neighbors? (2018)
Q. No. 7. What benefits India might have gained by joining the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)? Highlight possible impacts it may have upon strategic stability in South Asia (2019)
Q. No. 7. Discuss “Nuclear Factor” as one of the major determinants of International politics with reference to USA, India, and Pakistan. (2017)

Kashmir Conflict
Q. No. 7. Prepare a study in which you assess the possibility of settlement of the Kashmir conflict such as in the case of East Timor or Bosnian crisis? (2018)

Balance of Power
Q6. Define the “Balancing Act” in International Relations. What are Pakistan’s imperatives and constraints with regard to maintaining balance in relations with the major powers? (2022)

Diplomacy
Q. No. 8. Explain the following diagram in the light of multi-track diplomacy. Which is the most important track of diplomacy and why? (2020)

Water Conflict
Q4. What could be the reason for the emerging water conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan? (2021)
Q. No. 2. Evaluate the significance of conflict between India and Pakistan in global perspective of terrorism. (2017)

Covid-19 pandemic
Q6. What is a pandemic? How can the pandemic management strategy be made part of the governance system of Pakistan? (2021)

Governance
Q6. What is a pandemic? How can the pandemic management strategy be made part of the governance system of Pakistan? (2021)

Climate Change
Q. No. 8. Pakistan is one of the top 10 countries hit by global climate change trends: what can be the ways and means to manage climate change trends? (2017)
Q. No. 2. What are the multidimensional and multifaceted impacts of climate change on multiple dimensions of security? Identify each, discuss and analyze under the theoretical framework of Security and International Relations. (2020)

Cold War
Q. No. 5. Critically discuss main political, socio-economic and strategic hurdles between “Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations” and how can both countries come out from the Cold War scenario? (2016)
Q. No. 3. Evaluate the strength and liabilities of the “containment of world revolution policy” during the cold war. (2018)
Q. No. 3. Cold war is considered as one of the longest peace in great powers’ history. What deterministic factors ensured relative peace in great powers’ relations during the Cold War? (2019)

Nuclear Program
Q. No. 6. Discuss the “Moral Dimensions of Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme”. Explain its essential features and justify its offensive gesture which maintained the national and regional strategic balance. (2016)
Q5. How have the nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan evolved? What do their current doctrines imply for deterrence stability in South Asia? (2022)
Q. No. 7. Discuss “Nuclear Factor” as one of the major determinants of International politics with reference to USA, India, and Pakistan. (2017)

IMF
Q. No. 7. Critically discuss the fundamental factors of “Greece Economic Crisis” which need huge financial assistance from European Union and IMF as debt relief to create “a breathing space” to stabilize the economy and explain the out-of-the-box solution for the crisis-ridden country. (2016)
Q. No. 8. What are the major policy prescriptions of structural adjustment and stabilization of the World Bank and IMF vis-à-vis Pakistan? (2019)

Economic Crisis
Q. No. 7. Critically discuss the fundamental factors of “Greece Economic Crisis” which need huge financial assistance from European Union and IMF as debt relief to create “a breathing space” to stabilize the economy and explain the out-of-the-box solution for the crisis-ridden country. (2016)

International Political Economy or International Financial Institution
Q7. Examine the achievements and challenges in EU-Pakistan relations from the perspective of International political economy. (2022)
Q. No. 4. Determine the factors in the emergence of Neoliberal Institutionalism; highlight your discussion with practices of International Financial Institutions and Pakistan. (2017)

Energy Crisis or Energy Policy
Q. No. 5. How can the energy Crisis of Pakistan be resolved? Emphasize your discussion vis-a-vis China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. (2017)
Q5. Discuss the National Energy Policy of Pakistan in the context of the CPEC signed in 2015. (2021)

CPEC or OBOR
Q. No. 5. How can the energy Crisis of Pakistan be resolved? Emphasize your discussion vis-a-vis China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. (2017)
Q2. Examine China Strategic Vision behind ‘The Belt and Road initiative (BRI)’? Also known as the one belt one road (OBOR). (2021)
Q5. Discuss the National Energy Policy of Pakistan in the context of the CPEC signed in 2015. (2021)

Pakistan & Middle East or Muslim World
Q. No. 8. Pakistan has formally joined Saudi Arabia’s led 34-state Islamic military alliance to contain terrorism and extremism in Southwest Asia. Critically discuss whether or not Pakistan participates in the newly formed military alliance against terrorism and explain its political, socio-cultural and strategic implications on the country. (2016)
Q. No. 6. How do rational theories of foreign policy explain state decision making? Discuss the tenets of the theory in light of the decision made by Pakistan in response to Saudi request of sending troops during the Yemen crisis in 2015. (2019)

Regional Organization
Q. No. 5. SAARC is facing an existential crisis. How do functionalists explain the failure of SAARC as a regional organization? (2019)
Q7. Why and when was the BRICS established? Which countries are part of BRICS? (2021)
Q4. Why does South Asia remain the least integrated region in the world? What lessons can SAARC draw from the EU and ASEAN experience in regional integration? (2022)

Pakistan & EU
Q7. Examine the achievements and challenges in EU-Pakistan relations from the perspective of International political economy. (2022)

South Asia
Q4. Why does South Asia remain the least integrated region in the world? What lessons can SAARC draw from the EU and ASEAN experience in regional integration? (2022)
Q5. How have the nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan evolved? What do their current doctrines imply for deterrence stability in South Asia? (2022)
Q. No. 6. One of the most serious dilemmas of South Asian politics is the contentious relations between Pakistan and India. What measures would you consider for normalization between the two neighbors? (2018)
Q. No. 7. Discuss Russia’s return to South Asia and United States’ Indo-Pacific Strategy. (2020)
Q. No. 7. What benefits India might have gained by joining the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)? Highlight possible impacts it may have upon strategic stability in South Asia (2019)

Warfare or Hybrid Warfare
Q8. How can Pakistan develop credible capabilities to deter ‘Hybrid’ warfare? (2021)

US & China or global powers
Q8. What are China’s interests in Afghanistan? Discuss its role and options in the country following the US exit. (2022)
Q. No. 5. Differentiate between Washington consensus and Beijing consensus. Is Beijing consensus a challenge to the Washington consensus? (2020)
Q2. What are the key features of the US new Indo-Pacific strategy under Joe Biden’s administration? How does it treat China? (2022)
Q. No. 4. World orders are established by great powers in order to serve their interests. What are the foundations of existing world order(s) and how do they serve the interests of great powers? (2019)

Indo-Pacific
Q2. What are the key features of the US new Indo-Pacific strategy under Joe Biden’s administration? How does it treat China? (2022)
Q. No. 7. Discuss Russia’s return to South Asia and United States’ Indo-Pacific Strategy. (2020)

Terrorism
Q. No. 5. An analysis of the anatomy of foreign policy is an essential pre-requisite to an understanding of the dynamics of International Relations. Analyze the central theme of Pakistan’s foreign policy in the war against terrorism? (2018)
Q. No. 2. Evaluate the significance of conflict between India and Pakistan in global perspective of terrorism. (2017)
Q. No. 8. Pakistan has formally joined Saudi Arabia’s led 34-state Islamic military alliance to contain terrorism and extremism in Southwest Asia. Critically discuss whether or not Pakistan participates in the newly formed military alliance against terrorism and explain its political, socio-cultural and strategic implications on the country. (2016)
Q. No. 4. Why is it difficult to define terrorism? Elaborate upon the following: (2020)
(a) Feminization of terrorism
(b) Criminalization of terrorism
(c) Commercialization of terrorism
(d) State-terrorism

Miscellaneous
Q. No. 3. Elaborate Systems Thinking Theory in view of Pakistan and Globalization. (2017)
Q. No. 3. What are the four essentials of Resource Management? When does a resource become an element of power “OR” a resource curse? Discuss the Reko-Diq case in this context. (2020)

International Relations – II 2016-2022 analysis (Download PDF)

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