January 2026

Analog Computer

An analog computer processes data in continuous form and represents information using physical quantities.

Digital Computer

A digital computer processes data in discrete form using binary digits (0 and 1).

Real-Life Example (Easy to Remember)

• Analog: Car speedometer needle moving continuously
• Digital: Digital speed reading (60 km/h)

Difference Between Analog and Digital Computer

Basis	Analog Computer	Digital Computer
1. Data Type	Works with continuous data	Works with discrete (binary) data
2. Representation	Data represented by physical quantities (voltage, pressure, speed)	Data represented by 0s and 1s
3. Accuracy	Less accurate	Highly accurate
4. Speed	Fast for specific tasks	Generally faster and more versatile
5. Precision	Limited precision	High precision
6. Programming	Difficult to program	Easy to program
7. Storage	Very limited or none	Large data storage available
8. Error Handling	Errors difficult to detect	Errors easy to detect and correct
9. Flexibility	Used for specific purposes	Used for multiple purposes
10. Output	Continuous values	Discrete values
11. Examples	Speedometer, thermometer, analog clock	PC, laptop, calculator, smartphone
12. Cost	Expensive to maintain	More cost-effective

Examples of Analog Computers

Analog computers work with continuous values.

1. Thermometer (Mercury/Alcohol) – Measures temperature continuously
2. Analog Clock – Shows time using moving hands
3. Speedometer (Analog) – Shows vehicle speed with a needle
4. Voltmeter – Measures electrical voltage
5. Ammeter – Measures electric current
6. Pressure Gauge – Measures pressure
7. Seismograph – Measures earthquake vibrations
8. Analog Weighing Scale – Measures weight using a needle
9. Fuel Gauge – Shows fuel level in vehicles
10. Heart Rate Monitor (Analog) – Measures heartbeat waves

Examples of Digital Computers

Digital computers work with discrete (binary) values.

1. Desktop Computer
2. Laptop
3. Smartphone
4. Tablet
5. Digital Calculator
6. ATM Machine
7. Digital Clock
8. Smart Watch
9. Digital Camera
10. Game Console (PlayStation, Xbox)
11. Digital Thermometer
12. POS (Point of Sale) System
13. Traffic Signal Controller
14. Washing Machine (Digital Control)
15. Microwave Oven (Digital Display)

Easy Trick to Remember ⭐

• Needle / Continuous movement → Analog
• Numbers / Screen / Display → Digital

Magnetic Tape

What Are Relational Operators?

Relational operators are used to compare two values or expressions.

• They check relationships between values
• The result is always Boolean
  • True (1)
  • False (0)

Purpose of Relational Operators

Relational operators are mainly used in:

• Decision making
• Conditional statements
• Loops
• Logical expressions

List of Relational Operators

Operator	Name	Meaning
>	Greater than	Left value is greater
<	Less than	Left value is smaller
>=	Greater than or equal to	Greater or equal
<=	Less than or equal to	Smaller or equal
==	Equal to	Values are equal
!=	Not equal to	Values are not equal

Explanation with Examples

(a) Greater Than >

Returns true if the first value is greater.

Example:

10 > 5   → True
4 > 9    → False

(b) Less Than <

Returns true if the first value is smaller.

Example:

3 < 8   → True
10 < 2  → False

(c) Greater Than or Equal To >=

True if the value is greater than OR equal.

Example:

7 >= 7  → True
5 >= 9  → False

(d) Less Than or Equal To <=

True if the value is less than OR equal.

Example:

6 <= 8  → True
9 <= 4  → False

(e) Equal To ==

Checks whether two values are equal.

⚠️ Important:
== is comparison, not assignment.

Example:

5 == 5   → True
4 == 6   → False

(f) Not Equal To !=

True when values are different.

Example:

5 != 3   → True
7 != 7   → False

Output of Relational Operators

• Output is Boolean
• Either:
  • True / False
  • 1 / 0 (in some languages)

Use in Conditional Statements

Example (if statement):

if (marks >= 40)
    print("Pass");
else
    print("Fail");

Here, >= is a relational operator.

Use with Variables

a = 10
b = 20

a < b   → True
a == b  → False

Relation with Logical Operators

Relational operators are often used before logical operators.

Example:

(a > 5) AND (b < 10)

Common Student Mistakes (Exam Tip ⭐)

❌ Using = instead of ==
❌ Forgetting that output is Boolean
❌ Mixing assignment and comparison

One-Line Definition (Exam-Perfect)

Relational operators are operators used to compare two values and return a Boolean result.

Cables and Types Used in Physical Transmission Media