1. Make a précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable heading.
Culture, in human societies, has two main aspects; an external, formal aspect and an inner, ideological aspect. The external forms of culture, social or artistic, are merely an organized expression of its inner ideological aspect, and both are an inherent component of a given social structure. They are changed or modified when this structure is changed or modified and because of this organic link they also help and influence such changes in their parent organism. Cultural problems, therefore, cannot be studied or understood or solved in isolation from social problems, i.e. problems of political and economic relationships. The cultural problems of the underdeveloped countries, therefore, have to be understood and solved in the light of the larger perspective, in the context of underlying social problems. Very broadly speaking, these problems are primarily the problems of arrested growth; they originate primarily from long years of imperialist–Colonialist domination and the remnants of a backward outmoded social structure. This should not require much elaboration. European Imperialism caught up with the countries of Asia, Africa or Latin America between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of them were fairly developed feudal societies with ancient traditions of advanced feudal culture. Others had yet to progress beyond primitive pastoral tribalism. Social and cultural development of them all was frozen at the point of their political subjugation and remained frozen until the coming of political independence. The culture of these ancient feudal societies, in spite of much technical and intellectual excellence, was restricted to a small privileged class and rarely intermingled with the parallel unsophisticated folk culture of the general masses. Primitive tribal culture, in spite of its childlike beauty, had little intellectual content. Both feudal and tribal societies living contiguously in the same homelands were constantly engaged in tribal, racial, and religious or other feuds with their tribal and feudal rivals. Colonialist–imperialist domination accentuated this dual.
Solved Precis of CSS 2013
Title: Cultural Problems of Underdeveloped Nations
Culture has two parts—an inner ideology and an outer expression. The outer form of culture changes whenever the social structure changes, so cultural problems cannot be understood apart from social, political, and economic issues. In underdeveloped countries, these problems arise mainly from their backward social structures and long periods of colonial rule, which stopped their natural growth. European imperialism kept the societies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America politically and culturally frozen for centuries. Feudal cultures remained limited to a few privileged people, while the simple tribal societies lacked intellectual growth. Constant conflicts between feudal and tribal groups further weakened these societies. Thus, the cultural backwardness of these nations is the result of arrested development caused by colonial and social domination.
