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Full Length Essay on Human Inventions Move Societies Backward

Outline on Human Inventions Move Societies Backward

The story of human civilization is the story of inventions. From the time prehistoric man discovered fire and the wheel, inventions have shaped the way societies function, evolve, and progress. Indeed, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the modern world is built upon the foundations of human creativity, science, and technology. The airplane shrank distances, the Internet connected humanity, and medical breakthroughs extended life expectancy. Yet, as Aldous Huxley once remarked, “Technological progress has merely provided us with more efficient means for going backwards.” While it is true that human inventions have revolutionized societies in profound ways, the other side of the story reveals that inventions, when unchecked, often move societies backward. Industrialization has poisoned the environment, digital technology has replaced human intimacy with virtual distractions, economic innovations have created unprecedented inequality, and globalization has sparked new cultural and political tensions. Therefore, although inventions have improved human life in certain respects, they have also pushed societies toward crises of morality, sustainability, and justice. The real challenge, then, lies in devising checks and balances to restrict their harms while channeling their benefits toward human-centric development.

It is important, however, to recognize that not all inventions move societies backward. A balanced perspective acknowledges that inventions, particularly in communication, transportation, and household management, have indeed made life easier. One of the most remarkable transformations is the ability to connect across distances instantly. The advent of social media platforms, blogs, and digital communication tools has revolutionized how people interact. A single click today enables a conversation between two individuals thousands of miles apart, a reality that would have been unimaginable a century ago. During the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, social media proved indispensable in maintaining human connections, supporting remote work, and enabling online education. This connectivity has also democratized information, giving ordinary people platforms to share opinions, create communities, and challenge established narratives. In this sense, human inventions have empowered individuals and redefined the possibilities of human interaction.

Equally transformative are inventions in the realm of daily life. Automation has eased domestic labor that historically consumed hours of human effort. Automatic washing machines, dishwashers, and smart door locks connected to mobile phones save time, reduce drudgery, and improve safety. These inventions have given people, especially women, opportunities to engage in education, work, and leisure, thereby advancing gender equality and personal well-being. In developing societies, microfinance banks and digital wallets like JazzCash and Easypaisa have enabled millions of people to pay utility bills, transfer money, and conduct transactions without leaving the comfort of their homes. Such innovations have improved efficiency, convenience, and inclusion.

Moreover, transportation inventions have reshaped human mobility. Airplanes, cars, and bikes have made it possible to travel anywhere in hours or minutes. This has not only connected families and cultures but also boosted global trade, tourism, and economic growth. A student in Pakistan can now pursue education in the United States, a doctor in India can attend a conference in Europe, and goods produced in one corner of the world can reach another within days. Similarly, digital payment systems linked to banking services have simplified financial management, saving citizens from long queues and bureaucratic inefficiencies. These examples illustrate that inventions have indeed propelled societies forward by saving time, improving access, and fostering global interaction.

Yet, despite these undeniable benefits, the broader trajectory reveals a paradox: human inventions, while solving immediate problems, often generate larger crises that move societies backward. The Industrial Revolution, hailed as the dawn of modern progress, is also responsible for unprecedented environmental degradation. The quest for industrial output has filled the atmosphere with carbon emissions, causing global warming, climate change, and natural disasters. In Karachi, frequent heat waves kill hundreds of people, while wildfires in the Amazon rainforest have devastated ecosystems. Rising sea levels threaten entire island nations, while melting glaciers imperil freshwater resources. The irony is clear: in attempting to master nature through inventions, humanity has destabilized the very environment on which survival depends.

Another backward step is the way technology has superseded humans themselves. The digital revolution has created a generation glued to social media, wasting precious time on superficial engagements rather than productive endeavors. Instead of fostering creativity, many platforms have become hubs of misinformation, addiction, and vanity. Cybercrimes, including hacking, blackmailing, and fraud, are rising globally, making digital life a source of fear rather than security. Automation and artificial intelligence, though efficient, are also eroding job opportunities. Robots now perform manufacturing tasks, algorithms replace customer service agents, and even creative industries face disruption by AI tools. Consequently, unemployment and economic insecurity are rising, particularly among youth, undermining social stability and human dignity.

Cultural erosion is another regressive impact of inventions. Modernization, often driven by technological change, has blurred traditional norms and weakened family structures. Old-age homes are increasing as elderly parents are neglected, while crime and suicide rates are surging in societies that prioritize material gain over moral values. Religious practices are sidelined in the pursuit of modern lifestyles, creating spiritual emptiness. The spread of Western consumer culture through mass media and entertainment has overshadowed indigenous traditions, languages, and customs, causing cultural homogenization. Instead of celebrating diversity, societies are experiencing a loss of identity.

Economically, inventions have deepened inequality. The modern financial system, though innovative, has created a massive gap between rich and poor. Developed countries dominate global markets while developing nations remain dependent and vulnerable. This North-South divide perpetuates cycles of debt and exploitation, leaving poorer societies unable to compete. Within nations too, the rich have leveraged inventions to accumulate wealth, while the poor struggle for survival. The rise of billionaires alongside widespread poverty demonstrates how inventions often consolidate privilege rather than distribute opportunity.

Globalization, facilitated by inventions in communication and transport, has also increased intolerance. Instead of fostering understanding, cultural intermixing has sometimes provoked xenophobia, extremism, and civilizational clashes. The “clash of civilizations” thesis resonates when terrorist attacks, ethnic violence, and communal hatred erupt in societies grappling with rapid change. Far from bringing unity, globalization has often amplified fault lines, making societies more polarized and conflict-prone.

Media, one of the most influential inventions, has further promoted regressive attitudes, particularly toward women. Films, dramas, and advertisements often portray women in dismal roles, reinforcing stereotypes rather than empowering them. Violence against women, objectification, and exploitation are normalized in the name of entertainment. Instead of liberating women, media-driven inventions often trap them in cycles of abuse and inequality.

Military inventions represent perhaps the darkest dimension of human creativity. Modern weapons, designed to secure peace, have unleashed unprecedented destruction. Nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki annihilated entire cities, setting a grim precedent for future warfare. Contemporary conflicts, such as the humanitarian crisis in Yemen—a battleground for Saudi-Iran rivalry—highlight how military inventions fuel proxy wars and suffering. The U.S. interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Syrian conflict, and the spread of hybrid warfare illustrate how inventions in weaponry and strategy perpetuate instability, displace millions, and create refugee crises. Instead of ensuring security, military innovations have made the world more dangerous.

Given these backward movements, the critical question is how societies can regulate inventions to minimize harm and maximize benefit. Governments must play a central role in regulation, particularly in matters of property, environment, and digital safety. Legal frameworks should ensure that inventions serve the public good rather than private greed. For example, enforcing property laws can prevent monopolies and exploitation by powerful corporations. Similarly, governments must limit greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints through strict environmental policies, international agreements, and promotion of renewable energy.

Cultural exchange programs can also play a role in promoting tolerance and acceptance among different societies. Initiatives like “Aman ki Asha” between India and Pakistan demonstrate how cultural diplomacy can counter polarization. In the realm of media, content that portrays strong women—such as the drama “Sinf-e-Aahan” in Pakistan—should be promoted to challenge stereotypes and empower women.

Equally important is the shift toward human-centric development models. Nordic countries and Costa Rica, for instance, prioritize social welfare, environmental sustainability, and equality. Their success demonstrates that it is possible to align inventions with human dignity and collective well-being. Education is another vital tool: citizens must be made aware of the need to balance digital and real life, embrace sustainable practices, and resist consumerist temptations. Only through conscious regulation, ethical innovation, and cultural resilience can societies prevent inventions from moving them backward.

In conclusion, human inventions are a double-edged sword. They have connected humanity, eased daily life, and advanced mobility, but they have also poisoned the environment, eroded culture, deepened inequality, and fueled violence. Without proper checks, inventions transform from tools of progress into instruments of regression. As Albert Einstein once warned, “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.” To ensure that humanity does not regress under the weight of its own creations, societies must impose ethical boundaries, promote human-centered values, and adopt sustainable practices. Only then can inventions truly serve as stepping stones toward progress rather than pitfalls dragging societies backward.

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Full Length Essay on Democracy Is A Culture Rather Than A Process

Outline on Democracy is a Culture rather than a Process

Democracy is often described as the most celebrated political system of the modern age. Since the Enlightenment, nations have strived to develop democratic constitutions, establish parliaments, and guarantee rights to their citizens. At its most basic level, democracy is understood as a process through which people elect their representatives and hold them accountable. This procedural definition emphasizes elections, the rule of law, and the separation of powers. Yet, a closer look reveals that democracy, when reduced only to a set of procedures, becomes fragile and vulnerable to abuse. True democracy flourishes when it evolves into a culture—when its values of tolerance, freedom, equality, accountability, and justice are deeply internalized by both leaders and citizens. A society that embraces democratic culture is able to sustain institutions, respect differences, and work toward collective prosperity. Thus, democracy is not only about the ballot box but about fostering a way of life grounded in shared values. A successful democratic system requires both procedural mechanisms and a vibrant democratic culture, but it is the cultural foundation that ensures long-term stability and prosperity.

To understand why democracy must be regarded as a culture rather than merely a process, it is necessary to distinguish between the two. Democratic process refers to the institutional and procedural framework through which governments are chosen, laws are enacted, and leadership is replaced. It is the technical mechanism of elections, the rotation of power, and adherence to constitutional provisions. For example, when citizens cast votes in regular elections and political parties compete for office, this represents the procedural aspect of democracy. By contrast, democratic culture is much deeper. It entails the internalization of democratic values by citizens and leaders alike. It shapes the way individuals treat one another, the extent to which freedom of expression is respected, and how societies negotiate differences. In essence, democratic culture provides the moral and ethical framework that guides political processes. Without this cultural underpinning, the procedures become hollow rituals that may even facilitate authoritarianism under the guise of democracy.

Democracy as a culture instills a sense of responsibility among the masses. Citizens who understand the spirit of democracy recognize their role not just as voters but as active participants in governance. They respect laws, pay taxes, engage in civil society organizations, and hold their representatives accountable. For example, in countries like Sweden and Denmark, where civic responsibility is ingrained in the national psyche, people are more inclined to follow rules voluntarily, which strengthens the overall system. When democracy becomes a cultural value, citizens do not perceive governance as a distant process imposed on them, but as a collective duty in which they are stakeholders.

In addition, democracy as a culture creates economic opportunities. Democratic societies that internalize values of fairness, transparency, and equal opportunity are more likely to establish open markets, protect property rights, and encourage entrepreneurship. For instance, the democratic culture in the United States has historically fostered innovation and economic growth by protecting intellectual freedom and competition. By contrast, democracies that focus only on process, without cultural underpinnings, may still allow corruption, cronyism, and nepotism to prevail, stifling economic development. Thus, a thriving economy depends not only on democratic institutions but on the cultural ethos that sustains them.

Democratic culture also guarantees freedom of speech, a fundamental right without which no society can progress. The ability to freely express opinions, criticize governments, and engage in debate lies at the heart of democratic societies. This is more than just a procedural right—it is a cultural value that needs to be respected by all segments of society. In India, for example, freedom of speech has been constitutionally guaranteed since independence, but its practice depends on the cultural acceptance of dissent. Similarly, in mature democracies like the United Kingdom, freedom of the press and political satire have become cultural features that keep governments accountable. When freedom of expression is culturally embraced, citizens feel empowered to shape policies and influence decisions.

Closely related to freedom of speech are the broader fundamental rights granted by democracy. These include rights to equality, association, and due process of law. But once again, it is democratic culture that ensures these rights are not merely written in constitutions but actually respected in practice. South Africa’s transition from apartheid to democracy illustrates this point. The constitutional guarantee of rights was necessary, but it was the cultural shift toward equality and reconciliation, embodied in the leadership of Nelson Mandela, that made democracy meaningful. Rights protected by law but disregarded in society fail to deliver justice; rights nurtured as cultural values, on the other hand, empower citizens in their daily lives.

Democracy as a culture also fosters social security and upward mobility. Democratic societies that value inclusivity and equality are more inclined to establish welfare programs, provide education, and support healthcare systems. Scandinavian countries exemplify this model by combining democratic governance with a culture of social solidarity. Their citizens contribute through high taxation but receive extensive welfare benefits in return, creating a safety net that enhances equality and reduces poverty. Such measures are not simply procedural decisions by governments; they reflect a cultural commitment to the dignity of all citizens.

Equally important, democratic culture brings social peace. Where democratic values of tolerance, dialogue, and compromise are ingrained, conflicts are resolved through negotiation rather than violence. Europe after World War II provides an instructive example. By embedding democratic values into institutions like the European Union, former enemies such as Germany and France forged a lasting peace. The process of democracy—elections and treaties—alone would not have sufficed. What created lasting peace was the cultural embrace of dialogue, mutual respect, and a shared vision of prosperity.

Democratic culture also encourages political freedom. Citizens in societies where democratic values are embedded feel free to form political parties, run for office, and participate in decision-making. The peaceful transfer of power between political rivals becomes possible only when political freedom is respected as a cultural norm. The United States, despite its political polarization, has upheld the tradition of transferring power peacefully for over two centuries because the culture of respecting electoral outcomes is deeply entrenched. Where such culture is absent, elections often result in violence, as witnessed in many fragile democracies across Africa and Asia.

Speedy justice is another hallmark of democracy as a culture. While constitutions may guarantee judicial independence, it is cultural respect for fairness and impartiality that ensures timely delivery of justice. In societies where corruption or favoritism dominates, legal procedures fail despite democratic frameworks. Conversely, societies like Canada and New Zealand, where democratic culture prizes fairness, have developed efficient judicial systems that deliver justice promptly and equitably.

Democracy also expands opportunities for marginalized groups. A democratic culture that embraces inclusivity ensures that women, minorities, and disadvantaged communities have platforms for representation. The rise of women leaders such as Jacinda Ardern in New Zealand and Angela Merkel in Germany reflects societies that not only provide procedural equality but also culturally support gender inclusion. Similarly, the success of civil rights movements in the United States demonstrates how democratic culture can gradually transform societal attitudes toward marginalized groups.

Transparency and accountability further illustrate the cultural dimension of democracy. While laws may mandate disclosure and audits, only a cultural expectation of honesty ensures leaders adhere to such requirements. Scandinavian countries consistently rank among the least corrupt nations, not solely due to institutional mechanisms but because of their cultural intolerance of corruption. Citizens demand accountability, and leaders understand transparency as a societal value.

Political stability is another outcome of democracy as culture. When citizens and leaders alike value compromise and respect institutions, societies enjoy stable governance even amidst challenges. Germany, for instance, emerged from the devastation of World War II to become one of the most politically stable nations, thanks to its strong democratic culture embedded in civic education and political traditions.

Finally, democratic culture ensures leaders are held accountable for their policies. Elections every four or five years provide a procedural check, but continuous accountability emerges only when citizens exercise their democratic culture by questioning leaders, demanding transparency, and engaging in civic activism. The rise of watchdog organizations and citizen journalism worldwide shows how cultural engagement complements procedural democracy to hold leaders responsible.

In contrast, democratic process devoid of democratic culture can prove dangerous. When societies adopt elections and parliaments without embracing democratic values, the result is often authoritarianism masquerading as democracy. Leaders may win elections but concentrate power, restrict freedoms, and erode institutions. For example, several post-colonial states adopted constitutions with democratic features but quickly descended into authoritarianism because the cultural ethos of democracy was absent.

Lack of democratic culture also leads to injustice. Legal frameworks may promise equality, but if cultural attitudes perpetuate discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, or class, then justice remains elusive. Similarly, when freedom of speech is constitutionally guaranteed but culturally discouraged, societies descend into censorship, fear, and self-censorship.

Democracy without culture also fuels ethnic conflict. Elections in divided societies often exacerbate tensions when citizens vote along ethnic lines rather than ideological ones. This has been evident in several African states where procedural democracy, in the absence of a unifying democratic culture, has intensified divisions and even led to civil wars. Social evils such as corruption, nepotism, and vote-buying thrive in such contexts, reducing democracy to little more than a façade.

Moreover, a purely procedural democracy can pave the way for terrorism and extremism. When marginalized groups find that elections do not translate into genuine representation or justice, they may turn to violence. The failure of democratic culture to nurture inclusivity and tolerance leaves societies vulnerable to radicalization.

Ultimately, democracy is more than institutions and elections; it is a way of life. A procedural democracy devoid of culture results in the rule of the mob, populist demagoguery, and persistent social evils. By contrast, when democratic process operates in harmony with democratic culture, societies achieve prosperity across social, political, and economic dimensions. A culture of democracy nurtures responsible citizens, accountable leaders, economic opportunity, social justice, and long-term stability. Therefore, democracy must be understood not as a hollow ritual of casting ballots but as a deeply ingrained cultural ethos that guides societies toward peace, justice, and progress.

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Full Length Essay on Social Media & Changing Relationships

Outline on Social Media & Changing Relationships

In the twenty-first century, social media has emerged as one of the most revolutionary forces shaping human relationships. With platforms like Facebook, Twitter (X), Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok, and WhatsApp becoming an inseparable part of daily life, the dynamics of human interaction have been profoundly redefined. While critics argue that social media deteriorates genuine human connections, manipulates public opinion, and escalates privacy concerns, its broader impact cannot be ignored. It has connected individuals across geographical boundaries, facilitated cross-cultural exchange, transformed governance, revolutionized businesses, accelerated healthcare, and empowered political and social movements. Though it carries undeniable challenges, social media has positively changed relationships between individuals, societies, nations, businesses, and governments, transforming the world into a truly interconnected global community.

Although social media is hailed as a transformative tool, it also carries with it significant risks and negative influences. These drawbacks, when left unchecked, can harm individuals and communities. The most common critique of social media is that it has weakened the foundation of authentic, face-to-face relationships. Platforms often create unrealistic expectations about love, friendship, and lifestyle. Constant exposure to idealized images and curated content leads individuals to compare their lives with others, fostering jealousy and dissatisfaction. For example, studies show that couples who frequently monitor each other’s social media activities are more prone to conflict. Platforms that encourage endless scrolling make daily life appear less interesting in comparison to the glamorous portrayals online. Instead of strengthening intimacy, social media often distracts individuals from spending meaningful time with their partners or families. Thus, while it connects people virtually, it ironically distances them in reality.

The digital age has also made privacy increasingly vulnerable. Cybercriminals exploit the accessibility of personal information for hacking, blackmail, and fraud. For instance, one alarming case involved an 11-year-old boy who was blackmailed out of HK$2500 after being manipulated into sending explicit photos to a scammer. Such incidents highlight how children and vulnerable individuals are particularly at risk. Beyond individuals, large-scale data breaches have affected millions of users worldwide. Hackers exploit personal data not only for monetary gain but also for identity theft and fraud. This erosion of privacy undermines trust and highlights the dark underbelly of online relationships.

Another major concern is how extremist organizations exploit social media to spread propaganda and recruit vulnerable minds. For example, ISIS has used platforms to disseminate radical ideologies, while intelligence agencies like India’s RAW have been accused of using social networks to manipulate young people. This weaponization of social media poses serious threats to national security and public harmony. The anonymity and wide reach of these platforms make it easier for extremists to interact with the masses, targeting impressionable individuals who might otherwise remain uninfluenced. Such manipulation erodes social cohesion and creates deep divides within communities.

Perhaps the most damaging negative consequence of social media is its role in spreading misinformation and manipulating public opinion. The scandal of Cambridge Analytica is a striking example. Data from millions of Facebook users was harvested without consent and used to manipulate political campaigns, including the U.S. presidential election and the Brexit referendum. The speed with which fake news travels on platforms often surpasses factual reporting. This creates confusion, polarizes societies, and erodes democratic values. When public opinion can be shaped through algorithms, democracy itself becomes vulnerable.

Despite these criticisms, the positive influence of social media far outweighs its harms when harnessed responsibly. It has revolutionized how individuals, governments, businesses, and societies interact. Social media has dismantled geographical barriers, making instant communication possible across continents. During the COVID-19 pandemic, platforms helped families and friends remain connected despite lockdowns, reducing the sense of isolation associated with anxiety and distress. Additionally, Twitter, Instagram, and other platforms have enabled influencers, journalists, and thought leaders to reach millions, shaping public debates and spreading knowledge faster than ever before.

Healthcare has also been transformed. Platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, and Skype have enabled online consultations, particularly during emergencies such as the pandemic. Patients in remote areas can now access medical expertise without traveling, improving access to healthcare and saving countless lives. Similarly, the financial sector has been revolutionized. In 2013, ICICI Bank in India launched Pockets, a mobile app integrated with Facebook credentials. It allowed users to transfer money, pay bills, recharge phones, and buy tickets—all through social media. This integration of finance with social networking represents the future of digital banking and illustrates how relationships between individuals and financial institutions are evolving.

Governments worldwide are leveraging social media to enhance service delivery and citizen engagement. For instance, Pakistan Citizen Portal allows citizens to directly lodge complaints and receive redressal. In the U.S., President Barack Obama launched the We the People petition platform, requiring the government to respond to any petition reaching 100,000 signatures. Similarly, Melbourne used a Wiki-based platform for community planning, Iceland crowd-sourced its constitution through social media, and Afghan authorities use Twitter and Facebook to provide live security updates. Such innovations strengthen the bond between states and citizens, making governance more transparent and participatory.

Social media has also become integral to international diplomacy. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced the UN General Assembly to meet virtually for the first time. Leaders who could not physically attend still addressed the world through online platforms, illustrating how social media has made global diplomacy more inclusive and cost-effective. Likewise, cultural understanding has deepened through cultural exchange programs, travel blogging, and virtual communities. By allowing individuals from different backgrounds to interact, it promotes tolerance, reduces stereotypes, and builds empathy across nations.

Political campaigning has also been reshaped. Former U.S. President Barack Obama’s 2008 campaign is widely recognized as the first to harness the power of social media. Instead of relying solely on traditional funding channels, Obama directly engaged with middle-class voters through Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. This revolutionized political campaigning and set a precedent followed globally. Businesses, too, have shifted online. Platforms like Patari, Foodpanda, and countless startups have leveraged social media for growth. With minimal investment, small businesses can now reach global audiences. Marketing through social platforms has not only reduced costs but also personalized customer interactions, strengthening business-consumer relationships.

Humanitarian crises often gain visibility through social media campaigns. The genocide in Myanmar, the lockdown in Kashmir, and attacks on Al-Aqsa Mosque gained international attention primarily through online platforms. This mobilized global support, pressurized governments, and gave voice to oppressed communities. Governments also use platforms to disseminate critical information quickly. In Indonesia, authorities post early earthquake warnings on Twitter and Facebook, saving lives. In Afghanistan, real-time updates on security situations strengthen public trust and preparedness.

The news industry has been disrupted as well. The 2008 Mumbai terror attacks and the 2009 Hudson River plane crash were among the first global events reported live through platforms like Twitter and TwitPic. Today, ordinary citizens often break news before traditional media outlets. Companies also use social media crowdsourcing to co-create products with customers. Barclaycard’s Ring Mastercard, for example, was developed by incorporating customer feedback online, strengthening brand loyalty and consumer trust. Credit institutions now evaluate applicants using social media activity, expanding access to those who might otherwise be excluded. In China, giants like Tencent and Alibaba have even received licenses to operate credit bureaus using social data, transforming lending practices.

Brands like Jazz, Zong, J., and Khaadi in Pakistan, as well as supermarkets and retail chains globally, engage directly with customers on social media. A 2014 study showed banks in the UK responded to customer inquiries in as little as three minutes. This immediacy improves trust and satisfaction. Movements like the Arab Spring demonstrated how platforms can topple dictatorships by uniting public opinion. Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube amplified voices that traditional media silenced, showing the power of online solidarity in political revolutions. Social media has also democratized entrepreneurship. Integration with Facebook and Shopify has made business ownership accessible to anyone with creativity and ambition. Small businesses now thrive without heavy investment, democratizing opportunities for wealth creation.

While the positives of social media are undeniable, maximizing them requires responsible action. Creating awareness among people to balance online and offline life is crucial. Digital literacy campaigns can teach individuals how to use social media without sacrificing real-world relationships. Increased accountability of social media companies is also needed to protect data privacy, prevent cyberbullying, and safeguard vulnerable users. Transparency reports and strict penalties for negligence can encourage compliance. Stronger government regulations can curb hate speech and fake news. Fact-checking initiatives and legal frameworks against disinformation should be prioritized without stifling freedom of speech. Moreover, diluting monopolistic control of big tech companies through anti-trust laws can prevent the manipulation of public opinion and ensure fair competition in the digital landscape.

Social media is a double-edged sword, simultaneously fostering opportunities and posing risks. On the one hand, it weakens intimate bonds, heightens privacy concerns, and fuels extremism and misinformation. On the other, it has revolutionized communication, governance, healthcare, business, diplomacy, and activism. The balance tilts toward the positive when social media is used responsibly, ethically, and transparently. Ultimately, it is not social media itself that defines relationships, but how humans choose to use it. By embracing its opportunities and addressing its challenges, the world can harness social media to transform relationships into pathways for global unity, tolerance, and progress.

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Digital Discite | Genuine Factors Responsible For The Demand Of Separate Homeland

Genuine Factors Responsible For The Demand Of Separate Homeland (CSS 2014)

I. Introduction: Genuine Factors Responsible For The Demand Of Separate Homeland

The creation of Pakistan was an evolution, not an event, and the causes for its emergence had started taking place much earlier. Twenty-Third March 1940 is a landmark day in Pakistan’s history. 

On this day, Muslims put forward the demand for a separate homeland. The genuine factors that led Muslims to demand a separate homeland include the anti-Muslim practices by Hindus. 

Besides this, the speeches of Quaid-e-Azam further strengthened the demand for a separate homeland.

II. Factors That Forced Muslims To Demand For Separate Homeland

The factors responsible for the demand of separate homeland, which forced the Muslims of India to seek independence, were:

1. Establishment of Congress

The primary motive behind the formation of the Indian National Congress was to strengthen the union between the British and India. Although initially intended to be secular, the Congress gradually became more representative of Hindu interests, largely neglecting the political and cultural concerns of the Muslim community.

This lack of representation and growing Hindu-centric agenda within the Congress led to a sense of marginalization among Muslims, ultimately motivating their demand for a separate homeland where their rights and identity could be safeguarded.

2. Partition of Bengal

Lord Curzon divided Bengal in 1905, citing administrative challenges as the primary reason. The partition aimed to improve governance, as the Bengal province was not only vast in area but also densely populated, with limited means of communication, making efficient administration nearly impossible.

However, Hindus viewed this decision as a threat to Bengali nationalism, interpreting it as an attempt to weaken their influence. Consequently, they launched a vigorous anti-partition movement, rallying for the reunification of Bengal.

Their protests eventually led to the annulment of Bengal’s partition in 1911, a decision that left the Muslim community disheartened. 

For Muslims, the reversal revealed the extent of Hindu opposition, particularly since the partition had initially created East Bengal as a Muslim-majority province, offering them a sense of political and social security. 

This incident solidified the belief among Muslims that Hindus would oppose any measure favoring Muslim interests, deepening the divide and reinforcing the demand for a separate homeland where Muslims could safeguard their rights and identity. 

Furthermore, the factors responsible for the demand of separate homeland were rooted in the desire for political autonomy, cultural preservation, and the fear of marginalization in a predominantly Hindu society.

3. Urdu-Hindi Controversy

The Hindi-Urdu controversy began in the year 1867 when Hindus demonstrated against Urdu and demanded its replacement with Hindi as an official language. 

According to Paul Brass, “The Urdu-Hindi controversy of the 19th century was the critical factor in the development of Muslim separatism,” suggesting that this conflict was a turning point in the formation of a distinct Muslim identity.

Dr. K.K. Aziz also argued that this linguistic rift contributed significantly to Indian disunity, as it laid the groundwork for multiple nationalistic movements within the subcontinent. 

The controversy thus played a pivotal role in fueling the demand for a separate Muslim homeland, reinforcing the belief that linguistic and cultural identities required their own autonomous space. 

Additionally, the factors responsible for the demand of separate homeland included the perceived marginalization of Muslims in political and social spheres, the need for cultural preservation, and the growing sentiment of self-determination among the Muslim community.

4. Nehru Report

This report not only widened the communal divide but also strengthened the foundation of the Two-Nation Theory, reinforcing the belief that Muslims required a separate homeland to protect their cultural and political identity.

Moreover, the factors responsible for the demand of separate homeland included the consistent marginalization of Muslim voices in political discourse, the lack of adequate representation, and the growing apprehension of losing their distinct cultural identity within a Hindu-majority framework.

5. Congress Election 1937

Election 1937 and 1937–1939 Congress ministries were the blueprint for Pakistan that they were the events which showed the real pictures of Hindus. After the election of 1937, Congress won the majority seats and came to power.

Twenty-seven months of Congress rule were characterized by rising political Hinduism, which seemed to be working only for the welfare of Hindu community and revenging the previous 700 years Muslim rule over them. Educational reforms were introduced that were purely anti-Muslim in spirit.

The purpose of Warda Taleemi scheme was to displace the idea of two-nation theory from minds of Muslim children, while Vidya Mandar scheme aimed at promoting Hindu culture and making Mandar education necessary at elementary level. Muslims were also kept back in economic circle.

They were expelled from government offices, and career opportunities were closed to them. This environment of exclusion and discrimination forced Muslims to recognize the factors responsible for the demand of separate homeland from the British, which included the need for political autonomy, protection of their rights, and preservation of their cultural identity in the face of a dominant Hindu agenda.

III. political struggle by quaid-e-azam through his speeches

Following the political struggle of Quaid-e-Azam for the separate demand of a Muslim state:

1. Unity

Quaid-e-Azam made multiple efforts to foster unity between Muslims and Hindus, striving for a cooperative political environment. Key initiatives included the Delhi Proposal and the Lucknow Pact, which aimed at bridging communal differences and ensuring political cooperation. 

He even took the significant step of joining both the Congress and the Muslim League, hoping to mediate and resolve the disparities between the two communities. However, the outright disregard for Muslim interests in the Nehru Report was a turning point for him. 

This experience led him to the realization that Muslims and Hindus, with their distinct political and cultural identities, could not coexist under a single administration that would truly represent both communities equitably.

2. Quaid-e-Azam Speech on 23 March, 1940

In his address in the meeting of the Muslim League on 23 March 1940, at Lahore, Quaid-e-Azam explained the ideological basis of an Islamic state as follows:

Hinduism and Islam are not merely two religions but they are two separate social systems. It would be a dream to think that Hindus and Muslims will form a common nation. I want to make it clear that both the nations belonged to two different civilizations and the foundation of these two civilizations is on such philosophies which are opposed to each other.

Quaid-e-Azam stressed that the differences between Hindu and Muslim communities extended far beyond religious practices—they represented fundamentally distinct approaches to life, law, and governance. 

Hinduism and Islam each encompassed unique social values, customs, and legal principles that shaped separate ways of life. 

For him, this divergence in civilizational foundations made the idea of a unified nation unrealistic and underscored the necessity of a separate state where Muslims could fully realize their cultural and ideological aspirations.

3. Separate Status of Muslim Nation

In January 1941, Quaid-e-Azam elaborated the separate status of Muslim nation by saying:

India had never been a single country or a nation. The issue of sub-continent is international. The difference on culture, social and economic values are ideological in nature.

With these words, he highlighted that India’s vast diversity was more than just regional or linguistic—it was deeply rooted in contrasting ideologies that shaped every aspect of life. 

Quaid-e-Azam argued that the subcontinent’s history had been marked by separate civilizations with unique worldviews, and that the Muslim community’s identity was incompatible with a unified national framework. 

His statement underscored the need for an independent homeland where Muslims could govern according to their own ideological, cultural, and economic values, free from any majoritarian dominance.

4. Nothing in Common

Once he (Quaid-e-Azam) said: “Hindus and Muslims had nothing in common other than the fact that they share a land.

This powerful statement reflects his belief in the distinct identities of the two communities. Beyond the shared geography, he emphasized the deep differences in religious beliefs, cultural practices, social values, and historical backgrounds that separated Hindus and Muslims.

For Quaid-e-Azam, these distinctions were not superficial; they were integral to each community’s way of life and aspirations. His words highlighted the need for a separate political framework to ensure that Muslims could freely live according to their own values, ultimately justifying the demand for Pakistan.

5. Ideology of Pakistan

The following words of Quaid-e-Azam sum up the ideology of Pakistan: “Pakistan had come into being the day, the first non-Muslim was converted into a Muslim in India.

This statement underscores his belief that the roots of Pakistan lay not merely in political or geographical demands, but in the deep-seated cultural and religious identity of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. 

He saw the Muslim community as a distinct nation with its own traditions, values, and way of life, deserving of a separate state where these could flourish without compromise. 

This idea became central to the movement for Pakistan, highlighting that its ideology was tied to the preservation of Islamic identity and autonomy.

IV. Analysis

Pakistan came into being in the name of Islam. The factor that forced Muslims to demand separate land was the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. The Muslims of India faced issues in politics, education, economy, and society.

 The Urdu-Hindi controversy, the partition of Bengal, the one-sided role of Congress, the Nehru Report, and the Congress ministries of 1937 were the main factors that forced Muslims to demand a separate homeland.

Quaid-e-Azam also tried to unite Hindus and Muslims and failed. He realized that Hindus and Muslims despite living for 1000 years cannot unite. The only solution for the violence and atrocities was a separate homeland. Thus, he motivated Muslims to separate their homeland through his speeches.

V. Conclusion

The Muslims of India demanded separate homeland on the ground that they were different from Hindu society. The factors which realized Muslim that now they cannot live in United India include the annulment of partition of Bengal, demand of Hindus to replace Urdu over Hindi as an official language and Nehru Report which favored only Hindus. 

Besides this, Congress being a secular party supported Hindus. The Congress ministries of 1937 tortured Muslims to some extent that after their devolution, Muslims demanded a separate homeland.

The important leader who made the dream of Pakistan a reality was the Quaid-e-Azam. His speeches and political struggle paved the way for a separate homeland of Muslims.

Genuine Factors Responsible For The Demand Of Separate Homeland (CSS 2014) Read More »

Digital Discite | Pakistan's National Culture Reflects Unity in Diversity (CSS 2017 Solved) | population in percentages by mother tongue in Pakistan

Pakistan’s national culture is a reflection of Unity in Diversity. Discuss (CSS 2017)

I. Introduction: Pakistan's National Culture Reflects Unity in Diversity

“Our diverse culture reflects unity in diversity.”
(Maleeha Lodhi, Pakistan beyond the crisis state)

Pakistan is a multi-cultural society where different ethnic communities live. The culture does not vary from province to province but also from city to city. Through the language, costumes, leaders, events, religious beliefs, music, cultural practices, and cuisines that vary throughout the country, there are threads that unite Pakistan on many levels. This is the reason that despite a diverse culture, Pakistan’s national culture is all-inclusive and embracing. Indeed, Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity.

II. Defining Culture

Edward B. Taylor defines culture as:

That whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

Generally, Culture means the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society. It is reflected through cuisines, dresses, literature, music, arts, sports, festivals, traditions, and entertainment.

III. Defining Pakistan’s National Culture

The National Culture of Pakistan can be defined as an amalgam of material and non-material practices among the diverse ethnic groups residing in the country, shaping its unique outlook. 

In simple words, Pakistan’s national culture is a haven of many cultures and ethnicities, where each group contributes its distinct practices and traditions.

 This rich tapestry of diversity exemplifies how Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity, showcasing a harmonious blend of traditions that coexist and enrich one another.

IV. How Pakistan’s National Culture is Diverse

Following are the aspects due to which Pakistan’s National Culture is diverse:

1. Language

Pakistan is the hub of many languages, with over 300 dialects and languages spoken. After every few kilometers, you get to hear a new dialect.

According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the population in percentages by mother tongue in Pakistan is 7.57% Urdu, 44.15% Punjabi, 14.15% Sindhi, 15.42% Pashto, 3.57% Balochi, 10.53% Saraiki, and 4.66% others.

This linguistic diversity is a testament to the richness of the country’s cultural heritage and reinforces the idea that Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity.

Digital Discite | Pakistan's National Culture Reflects Unity in Diversity (CSS 2017 Solved) | population in percentages by mother tongue in Pakistan

2. Ethnic Groups

There are approximately 15-20 ethnic groups in Pakistan, including Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, Balochi, Siraikis, Chitralis, Hindkowans, Gujratis, Kashmiris, Sulangi, Kalay, Brushus, Hazaras, Baltis, Baloch, and Makranis. 

These groups, with their unique histories, customs, dresses, physical features, food, and music, showcase the rich tapestry of cultural diversity in the country. Together, they form a vibrant mosaic that highlights how Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity.

3. Festivals

There are different festivals celebrated by different cultural groups in Pakistan. In Punjab, the arrival of spring and the harvest of crops is the main time when people dance and take part in different festivals. 

In Sindh, Sindhi Cultural Day is celebrated every year on the first Sunday of December.

4. Music

In Punjab, classic music forms a major part of the Punjabi culture. Instruments like tabla, sitar, bansuri, harmonium, and dhol are common instruments. In Sindh, Ektaro, Tanpuro, and Been are common musical instruments that show diversity.

5. National Dress

Punjabis normally wear clothes like pagri, dhoti, kurta, khusa, gharar, lacha, parranda and choli. 

On the other hand, Sindhis normally wear Shalwar Kamiz, with ajrak and topi whereas female of Sindh especially rural areas of Sindh prefer to wear gaj dresses. 

In KPK, people wear kufi, Kandhari topi, Turban or Pakul. In Balochistan, men wear wide loose shalwar and knee-long shirts whereas women wera dresses consists of big pocket in front and chaddar to cover their heads.

V. How Pakistan's National Culture Reflects Unity in Diversity

Pakistan’s National Culture Reflects Unity in Diversity because:

1. Religion

The biggest reason behind Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity is religion. Pakistan was made under the slogan of “Pakistan ka matlab kia La Ilaha Illallah.” 

Whether it is Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, or Pathan, all worked together to make their dream true. All believe in one Allah and the 98% of Pakistani people are Muslim, which is why the faith and belief in one God, despite the different cultures.

2. National Defense

Despite their different cultures, everyone loves Pakistan and works for national defense. There is no discrimination in terms of serving their motherland. No matter if a person is Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, or Pathan, they defend the national borders with the same spirit.

3. Hospitality

Pakistani people are very hospitable and welcoming. The culture of a joint family system, valuing the guests, and respecting the elders are the most beautiful aspects of Pakistani society. 

Though the way of treating guests is different, everyone respects the guests and treats them with the best they can. Thus, this shows Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity.

4. Sports

Though there are different regional sports in all provinces, they all play the national games under one shadow. Like in cricket and football, people from all ethnicities join together to play for the nation.

5. Festivals Are Held in Social Harmony

Pakistan is a virtual heaven for many cultures and ethnicities. From Eids to Christmas, Ashura to Eid Milad-un-Nabi, Ramazan to Easter, Basant to Holi, all religious events and festivals are held in an atmosphere of social harmony. Like in Punjab, Punjabi and Sindhi sit together; in Sindh, Balochi and Punjabi share the same desk.

VI. Analysis

Pakistan is home to almost 252 million people with diverse social, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural circumstances. But, it has one national language, one national flag, and one common dress. 

The diverse culture of Pakistan is its beauty. Pakistan is a country with extensive diversity from Punjabis to Balochis, Muslims to Hindus, Sunni to Shia, and Pashtuns to Hazaras. 

This multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, and multi-cultural society depicts Pakistan’s rich pluralistic image. Despite the heterogeneous environment and coexistence of different cultures, one loves to call him Pakistani. Thus, Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity in general.

VII. Conclusion

Culture is the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular society. Pakistan’s national culture reflects unity in diversity. Every culture is different, and that is the beauty of Pakistan. Pakistan has a culture united and cemented in the diversity of socio-political thoughts and cultural variations. Moreover, in the words of Mikhail Gorbachev, “Peace is not unity in similarity, but unity in diversity, in the comparison and conciliation of differences.” Thus, Pakistan’s national culture brings social harmony and unity in diversity.

Pakistan’s national culture is a reflection of Unity in Diversity. Discuss (CSS 2017) Read More »

Special CSS 2023 General Science & Ability MCQs 13 October 2023

1. Apparently, the Solar System is moving around the galaxy with a speed of:
A. 50 km/s
B. 200 km/s
C. 500 km/s
D. Not moving at all

B. 200 km/s

2. The image formation in the James Webb Space Telescope is due to:
A. Gamma-Rays
B. X-Rays
C. Visible light
D. Infra-Red Rays

D. Infra-Red Rays

3. In general, the Cancer in a human body is caused by changes to:
A. Virus
B. RNA
C. DNA
D. All of these

C. DNA

4. In a year, light travels a distance of:
A. 9.4 x 109 km
B. 9.4 x 1012 km
C. 9.4 x 1015 km
D. None of these

B. 9.4 x 1012 km

5. The location below the Earth’s surface where the Earthquake starts is called:
A. Epicenter
B. Hypocenter
C. Tectonic center
D. All of these

B. Hypocenter

6. During the combustion of gasoline in a vehicle engine, the energy used is:
A. Chemical
B. Mechanical
C. Electrical
D. All of these

A. Chemical

7. A Bar is System International unit to measure:
A. Temperature
B. Energy
C. Pressure
D. Force

C. Pressure

8. One may define Renewable Energy as:
A. Energy derived from non-traditional sources
B. Energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
C. Energy fueled into ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
D. All of these

B. Energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment

9. The sky looks blue due to:
A. The scattering of sunlight by the Atmosphere
B. The presence of water vapors in the air.
C. Absorption of blue light by the atmosphere
D. Presence of CO, in the atmosphere.

A. The scattering of sunlight by the Atmosphere

10. Soil pollution is caused by:
A. Aerosol
B. Ozone
C. Acid rain
D. All of these

C. Acid rain

11. The correct full form of “AI” is:
A. Artificially Intelligent
B. Artificial Intelligence
C. Artificially Intelligence
D. Advanced Intelligence

B. Artificial Intelligence

12. A ‘Cyclone’ is generated due to:
A. High Temperature
B. High Humidity
C. Low Pressure
D. All of these

C. Low Pressure

13. The Radioactive isotopes are formed by neutrons bombardment on the Nucleus, these incident neutrons must have ________ to penetrate in the nucleus.
A. Very high velocity
B. Very low velocity
C. Intermediate velocity
D. All of these

A. Very high velocity

14. An ‘Enzyme’ is a chemical substance that is found in living creatures; It is a:
A. Protein
B. Bacteria
C. Virus
D. All of these

A. Protein

15. An Antibiotic is a drug used to treat infections caused by;
A. Protein
B. Bacteria
C. Virus
D. All of these

B. Bacteria

16. In the covalent bonding, electron of two atoms:
A. Share with each other
B. Transfer from one atom to another
C. Attract the ions and delocalized electrons
D. None of these

A. Share with each other

17. The day and night are formed due to ‘Earth’ rotation on its own axis from:
A. North to South
B. South to North
C. East to West
D. West to East

D. West to East

18. The chemical formula for Methane gas is:
A. CH8
B. CH6
C. CH4
D. CH2

C. CH4

19. The Artificial Intelligence term was invented by:
A. Geoffrey Hinton
B. Albert Einstein
C. Alan M. Turing
D. John McCarthy

D. John McCarthy

20. Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to as:
A. Pathogens
B. Coliform bacteria
C. Viruses
D. All of these

A. Pathogens

Special CSS 2023 General Science & Ability MCQs 13 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 English Precis & Composition MCQs 12 October 2023

1. Select the appropriate Synonym of OMNISCIENT:
A. Unconscious
B. Supernatural
C. Inadvertent
D. All-knowing

D. All-knowing

2. Select the appropriate Synonym of RESUSCITATE:
A. Re-emphasize
B. Revive
C. Rehabilitate
D. Complicate

B. Revive

3. Select the appropriate Synonym of AMBIVALENCE:
A. Inconclusiveness
B. Antagonism
C. Stupidity
D. Arrogance

A. Inconclusiveness

4. Select the appropriate Synonym of RHETORIC:
A. Abundance
B. Renunciation
C. Oratory
D. Rhythm

C. Oratory

5. Select the appropriate Synonym of EXONERATE:
A. Absolve
B. Analyze
C. Authenticate
D. Alleviate

A. Absolve

6. Select the appropriate Synonym of INERT:
A. Introvert
B. Inadequate
C. Defamatory
D. Passive

D. Passive

7. Select the appropriate Synonym of PRECIPITATION:
A. Prediction
B. Probability
C. Rain
D. Promulgation

C. Rain

8. Select the appropriate Synonym of ENTREPRENEUR:
A. Interpreter
B. Counterpart
C. Efficient
D. Businessman

D. Businessman

9. Select the appropriate Synonym of LUCRATIVE:
A. Fortunate
B. Profitable
C. Laborious
D. Recreational

B. Profitable

10. Select the appropriate Synonym of CYNOSURE:
A. Focus
B. Cypher
C. Cynic
D. Reluctant

A. Focus

11. Select the appropriate Antonym of INNOCUOUS:
A. Unconvincing
B. Identical
C. Harmful
D. Inevitable

C. Harmful

12. Select the appropriate Antonym of MISANTHROPIST:
A. Humanist
B. Sadistic
C. Genius
D. Capitalist

A. Humanist

13. Select the appropriate Antonym of PRAGMATISM:
A. Pessimism
B. Idealism
C. Valour
D. Skepticism

B. Idealism

14. Select the appropriate Antonym of PIVOTAL:
A. Auxiliary
B. Paternal
C. Futuristic
D. Centrifugal

A. Auxiliary

15. Select the appropriate Antonym of COMMEMORATE:
A. Overlook
B. Command
C. Counter
D. Narrate

A. Overlook

16. Select the appropriate Antonym of HUMANE:
A. Sober
B. Cruel
C. Harmonious
D. Divine

B. Cruel

17. Select the appropriate Antonym of CLANDESTINE:
A. Spontaneous
B. Open
C. Unresolved
D. Inadvertent

B. Open

18. Select the appropriate Antonym of COMMUNISM:
A. Socialism
B. Imperialism
C. Colonialism
D. Capitalism

D. Capitalism

19. Select the appropriate Antonym of FICTICIOUS:
A. Realistic
B. Factual
C. Functional
D. Futuristic

B. Factual

20. Select the appropriate Antonym of REVERE:
A. Deride
B. Demoralize
C. Rectify
D. Pre-empt

A. Deride

Special CSS 2023 English Precis & Composition MCQs 12 October 2023 Read More »

Special CSS 2023 Current Affairs MCQs 13 October 2023

1. Which country recently removed British monarchy from its banknotes?
A. New Zealand
B. United Kingdom
C. South Africa
D. None of these

D. None of these (Australia)

Australia is removing the British monarchy from its bank notes. The nation’s central bank said Thursday its new $5 bill would feature an Indigenous design rather than an image of King Charles III. 02-Feb-2023

2. When did Indian spacecraft mission Chandrayaan-3 landed on the moon?
A. 23 August 2023
B. 25 August 2023
C. 27 August 2023
D. None of these

A. 23 August 2023

Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole on Aug. 23, making India only the fourth nation in history to stick a lunar landing, after the U.S., Russia and China.

3. Which country won FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023?
A. Germany
B. North Korea
C. Spain
D. None of these

C. Spain

Spain secured their first ever Women’s World Cup title with a 1-0 win over England at the 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup final in Sydney on Sunday (20 August 2023)

4. The Biden administration released ‘National Cyber Security Strategy’ on:
A. 2 March 2023
B. 3 March 2023
C. 4 March 2023
D. None of these

A. 2 March 2023

  • The Biden-Harris Administration has unveiled the National Cybersecurity Strategy to ensure a safe and secure digital ecosystem for all Americans.
  • Aims to reimagine cyberspace to align with American values, economic security, and human rights.
  • Emphasizes fundamental shifts in cybersecurity responsibilities and resource allocation.

5. What is the theme for Earth Day 2023?
A. Protect leaves
B. Invest in humans
C. Invest in our planet
D. None of these

C. Invest in our planet

The theme of World Earth Day 2023 is “Invest in Our Planet”, calling for businesses to shift towards sustainable practices. Earth Day is celebrated on April 22 every year. The day is also known as International Mother Earth Day.

6. Australia banned Tik-Tok in:
A. May 2023
B. July 2023
C. August 2023
D. None of these

D. None of these (04 April 2023)

7. In July 2023, China replaced its foreign minister Qin Yang with:
A. Yin kou
B. Sush Tai
C. Wang Yi
D. None of these

C. Wang Yi

BEIJING, July 25 (Reuters) – China named veteran diplomat Wang Yi its new foreign minister on Tuesday, removing former rising star Qin Gang after a mysterious one-month absence from duties barely half a year into the job.

8. The war between Ukraine and Russia began on:
A. 22 Feb 2022
B. 24 Feb 2022
C. 22 March 2022
D. None of these

B. 24 Feb 2022

The war between Ukraine and Russia began on February 24, 2022, when Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

9. According to SIPRI’s data on global military spending in 2022, which country is the world’s largest military spender?
A. China
B. India
C. Russia
D. None of these

D. None of these (United States)

The top five military spenders in 2022 were:

1. United States – $877 billion

2. China – $293 billion

3. India – $76.6 billion

4. United Kingdom – $68.4 billion

5. Russia – $65.9 billion

10. Global Convention on Higher Education UNESCO entered into force on:
A. 4 March 2023
B. 5 March 2023
C. 6 March 2023
D. None of these

B. 5 March 2023

11. The Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on May 12-13, 2023.
A. 5th
B. 6th
C. 7th
D. None of these

B. 6th

On May 12–13, Dhaka hosted the sixth annual Indian Ocean Conference, an event that typically brings together government officials, diplomats, and think tanks from different countries, notably littoral and island ones, to explore ways to bolster regional collaboration.

12. World Development Report is released by?
A. IMF
B. World Bank
C. UN
D. None of these

B. World Bank

13. Who became the Prime Minster of France in May 2022?
A. Élisabeth Borne
B. Ubiles Tauza
C. Élisa Brick
D. None of these

A. Élisabeth Borne

Élisabeth Borne became the Prime Minister of France in May 2022. She was appointed by President Emmanuel Macron on May 16, 2022, and her government was announced on May 20, 2022.

Borne is the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of France, after Édith Cresson in 1992. She is also the first person from the private sector to be appointed Prime Minister in over 30 years.

14. 15th BRICS summit was held in August 2023 in:
A. Moscow
B. Delhi
C. Beijing
D. None of these

D. None of these (South Africa)

The 15th BRICS summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa on August 22-24, 2023.

The theme of the summit was “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development and Inclusive Multilateralism.” The summit focused on strengthening cooperation between BRICS countries and African countries in areas such as trade, investment, infrastructure development, and technology transfer.

The summit was attended by the leaders of the five BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. In addition, the leaders of 67 African countries were invited to attend as guests.

15. The 5th June 2023 ‘World Environment Day’ focused on:
A. Thermal Pollution
B. Plastic Pollution
C. Noise Pollution
D. None of these

B. Plastic Pollution

In 2023, World Environment Day focused on showcasing solutions to plastic pollution, underscoring the need for a comprehensive “whole-of-society approach” to combatting the plastic pollution crisis.

16. When did the Taliban, took over control of Kabul?
A. July 2021
B. August 2021
C. September 2021
D. None of these

B. August 2021

The Taliban took control of Kabul on August 15, 2021.

On that day, Taliban forces entered Kabul without opposition from Afghan government forces. President Ashraf Ghani fled the country, and the Taliban declared victory.

17. Pakistan was officially removed from the FATF ‘Grey List’ on:
A. August 21, 2021
B. September 21, 2022
C. October 21, 2022
D. None of these

C. October 21, 2022

The global money laundering and financing watchdog on 21 October 2023 removed Pakistan from its list of countries under “increased monitoring” after four years.

18. Which footballer won the ‘Best FIFA Men’s Player Award’ in 2023?
A. Kylian Mbappe Cristiano
B. Ronaldo
C. Lionel Messi
D. None of these

C. Lionel Messi

Argentina captain Lionel Messi has been named the best player in men’s football by FIFA, at The Best FIFA Football Awards in Paris.

19. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recently suspended the membership of which country?
A. Ukraine
B. Russia
C. Afghanistan
D. None of these

B. Russia

Financial Action Task Force Suspends the Membership of the Russian Federation, and Identifies Jurisdictions with Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism and Counter-Proliferation Deficiencies.09-Mar-2023

20. Israel signed in October 2022 a US-mediated sea border deal with:
A. Turkey
B. Lebanon
C. Egypt
D. None of these

B. Lebanon

The agreement opens up the possibility for both countries to exploit reserves in the gas-rich Mediterranean Sea.

Special CSS 2023 Current Affairs MCQs 13 October 2023 Read More »

CSS Solved Precis 1996

Q. 2. Write a précis of the following passage and also suggest a suitable title:

Along with the new revelations of science and psychology there have also occurred distortions of what is being discovered. -Most of the scientists and psychologists have accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution and his observations on “survival of the fittest” as a final word. While enunciating his-postulate on the concept of the fittest, Darwin primarily projected physical force as the main criterion, and remained unmindful of the culture of mind, The psychologist, on the other hand, in his exclusive involvement with the psyche, has overlooked the potential of man’s physical-self and the world outside him. No synthesis has been attempted between the two with the obvious result of the one being sacrificed at the altar of the other. This has given birth to a civilisation which is wholly based on economic considerations, transforming man into a mere “economic being” and limiting, his pleasures and sorrows to sensuous cravings. With the force of his craft and guns, this man of the modern world gave birth to two cannibalistic philosophies, the cunning capitalism and the callous communism. They joined hands to block the evolution of man as a cultural entity, denuding him of the feelings of love, sympathy, and humanness. Technologically, man is immensely powerful; culturally, he is the creature ‘of stoneage, as lustful as ever, and equally ignorant of his destiny. The two world wars and the resultant attitudes display harrowing distortion of the purposes of life and power. In this agonizing situation the Scientist is harnessing forces of nature, placing them at the feet of his country’s leaders, to be used against people in other parts of the world. This state of his servility makes the functions of the scientist appear merely to push humanity to a state of perpetual fear, and lead man to the inevitable destruction as a species with his own inventions and achievements. This irrational situation raises many questions. They concern the role of a scientist, the function of religion, the conduct of politician who is directing the course of history, and the future role of man as a species. There is an obvious mutilation of the purpose of creation, and the relationship .between Cosmos, Life, and Man is hidden from eyes; they have not been viewed collectively.

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