Written Preparation

Q: 2(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – What is ‘Black Hole’? How black holes are formed and discovered?

A black hole is a region of space-time where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. It is a singularity, a point of infinite density, where the laws of physics as we know them break down. Black holes are some of the most mysterious and fascinating objects in the universe, and studying them can help us better understand the nature of gravity, space, and time.

Formation of Black Holes:

Black holes can be formed in several ways, but the most common method is through the collapse of a massive star. When a massive star runs out of fuel, it can no longer generate enough pressure to counteract the force of gravity. The star’s core collapses under its own weight, and if the mass of the core is greater than about three times that of the sun, it will continue to collapse until it becomes a singularity, surrounded by an event horizon – the point of no return. This creates a black hole.

Another way that black holes can be formed is through the collision of two neutron stars, which are the collapsed cores of massive stars. When two neutron stars collide, the resulting object can be massive enough to collapse into a black hole.

Discovering Black Holes:

Black holes cannot be directly observed, as they do not emit any light or radiation that can be detected. Instead, their presence is inferred through their gravitational effects on nearby matter. When a black hole is near a star, it can pull gas and dust from the star’s outer layers, creating a disk of material that is heated to high temperatures and emits X-rays. These X-rays can be detected by telescopes and used to infer the presence of a black hole.

Another way that black holes can be detected is through their gravitational effects on nearby objects. When a black hole passes close to another star or a planet, its gravity can cause the orbit of the object to change. These changes can be measured and used to infer the presence of a black hole.

In addition, black holes can be detected through gravitational waves, ripples in space-time that are caused by the acceleration of massive objects. When two black holes merge, they emit a burst of gravitational waves that can be detected by instruments such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).

Types of Black Holes:

There are three types of black holes, based on their size and mass:

1. Stellar Black Holes: These are the smallest type of black holes, with masses ranging from a few times that of the sun to around 20 times that of the sun. They are formed by the collapse of a single massive star.

2. Intermediate Black Holes: These are intermediate in size, with masses ranging from around 100 to 100,000 times that of the sun. Their origins are not well understood, but they may be formed through the collision of multiple stars.

3. Supermassive Black Holes: These are the largest type of black holes, with masses ranging from hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun. They are found at the centers of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy. The origins of supermassive black holes are still not well understood.

In conclusion, black holes are some of the most fascinating and mysterious objects in the universe. They are formed through the collapse of massive stars or the collision of multiple stars, and their presence is inferred through their gravitational effects on nearby matter. While they cannot be directly observed, their study can help us better understand the nature of gravity, space, and time.

Q: 2(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – What is ‘Black Hole’? How black holes are formed and discovered? Read More »

Q: 3(a)(i) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Why the bat and whale are considered as mammals?

Bats and whales are considered mammals because they share several key characteristics with other mammals. These characteristics include:

1. Mammary Glands: All mammals, including bats and whales, have mammary glands that produce milk to nourish their young.

2. Hair/Fur: Most mammals, including bats and whales, have hair or fur on their bodies that provides insulation and protection.

3. Warm-Blooded: Mammals are warm-blooded, meaning they can regulate their body temperature internally, which allows them to live in a wide range of environments.

4. Three Middle Ear Bones: Mammals have three middle ear bones, which help to transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear. This allows for a more efficient hearing mechanism.

5. Live Birth: Most mammals give birth to live young, rather than laying eggs.

Bats and whales are also unique in their adaptations to their specific environments. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, which has allowed them to occupy a unique ecological niche. They have wings formed from modified arms and elongated fingers that are covered with skin, forming a lightweight and flexible membrane that enables them to fly.

Whales, on the other hand, are adapted to life in the water. They have streamlined bodies, a layer of blubber for insulation, and powerful tail fins for propulsion. Their limbs have been modified into flippers, and their nostrils have moved to the top of their head to form a blowhole, which allows them to breathe while swimming.


In conclusion, bats and whales are considered mammals because they share key characteristics with other mammals, such as mammary glands, hair/fur, warm-bloodedness, three middle ear bones, and live birth. They are also adapted to their unique environments in ways that make them highly specialized and successful in their ecological niches.

Q: 3(a)(i) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Why the bat and whale are considered as mammals? Read More »

Q: 2(d) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – What is Wildfire? Explain its types, causes, spread and preventions.

Wildfires are unplanned fires that burn in natural areas such as forests, grasslands, or prairies. They can be started by a variety of sources such as lightning, human-caused activities, and even spontaneous combustion. Once ignited, wildfires can spread quickly and become difficult to control, posing a threat to both people and wildlife.


Types of Wildfires:

There are three main types of wildfires: ground fires, surface fires, and crown fires.

1. Ground Fires: Ground fires are the most common type of wildfire and can burn for days or even weeks. They occur on or beneath the forest floor and can smolder for long periods, making them difficult to detect and control. Ground fires are typically started by lightning strikes or can be caused by human activities such as campfires.

2. Surface Fires: Surface fires occur when flames burn through surface vegetation such as grass, shrubs, and small trees. These types of fires are relatively easy to control and typically do not cause as much damage as other types of wildfires.

3. Crown Fires: Crown fires are the most dangerous type of wildfire and can cause extensive damage to forests and other natural areas. They occur when flames burn through the tops of trees and can spread quickly, often driven by strong winds. Crown fires can be started by lightning strikes or by human activities such as campfires or cigarettes.


Causes of Wildfires:

Wildfires can be caused by a variety of factors, including natural events and human activities.

1. Natural Causes: Lightning is one of the most common natural causes of wildfires. When lightning strikes a tree or other vegetation, it can ignite a fire. Other natural causes of wildfires include volcanic eruptions, spontaneous combustion, and the buildup of flammable gases in coal seams.

2. Human Causes: Human activities are responsible for the majority of wildfires around the world. These activities can include campfires, fireworks, cigarettes, sparks from machinery, and intentional arson. In some cases, wildfires can also be caused by accidents, such as electrical failures or car crashes that ignite fires.


Spread of Wildfires:

Several factors can contribute to the spread of wildfires, including weather conditions, the amount of available fuel, and the terrain of the area.

1. Weather Conditions: Hot and dry conditions can create the perfect conditions for wildfires to spread quickly. High temperatures, low humidity, and strong winds can all contribute to the rapid spread of fires.

2. Available Fuel: The amount of available fuel in an area can also impact the behavior of wildfires. Dead vegetation, fallen trees, and other dry materials are particularly prone to burning and can create additional fuel for the fire to consume.

3. Terrain: The terrain of an area can also play a role in the spread of wildfires. For example, steep slopes can create a “chimney effect” that can accelerate the fire’s spread. Strong winds can also carry embers and start new fires, making it difficult to control the fire’s spread.


Prevention of Wildfires:

There are several measures that can be taken to prevent wildfires and reduce the risk of their spread. Some of these measures include:

1. Campfire Safety: When camping, ensure that campfires are only lit in designated areas and are completely extinguished before leaving. Never leave a campfire unattended, and avoid burning flammable materials such as paper or cardboard.

2. Machinery and Vehicles: Use caution when operating machinery or vehicles that can create sparks. Regular maintenance of machinery and vehicles can also help reduce the risk of fires.

3. Weather Conditions: Be mindful of weather conditions and avoid activities that can cause sparks during hot and dry conditions. Follow local burn bans and regulations, and do not light fires during high winds.

4. Defensible Space: Create defensible space around homes and buildings by clearing dry vegetation and other materials that can fuel fires. This can include clearing brush, removing dead trees, and keeping roofs and gutters free of debris.

5. Fire-resistant Landscaping: Landscaping with fire-resistant plants can also help reduce the risk of wildfires. These types of plants have a higher moisture content and are less prone to burning than other types of vegetation.

6. Education and Awareness: Educating the public about the dangers of wildfires and how to prevent them can also help reduce the risk of fires. This can include providing information on campfire safety, burn bans and regulations, and how to report wildfires.

In addition to these prevention measures, firefighting efforts are also critical in controlling and extinguishing wildfires. This can include the use of fire retardants, water drops from aircraft, and ground crews working to create fire lines and contain the fire.


In conclusion, wildfires are a significant threat to natural environments, ecosystems, and human populations around the world. While they can be caused by natural events, human activities are responsible for the majority of wildfires. Weather conditions, available fuel, and terrain can all contribute to the spread of fires, making prevention efforts critical. By following safety measures, creating defensible space, and educating the public on fire prevention, the risk of wildfires can be significantly reduced, and the damage they cause can be minimized.

Q: 2(d) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – What is Wildfire? Explain its types, causes, spread and preventions. Read More »

Q: 7(b) CSS GSA 2022 Solved – Find the missing number in the series below:

(i) 4, 16, 36, 64, ?, 144.

(ii) 30, 29, 27, ?, 20, 15

(iii) 1, 7, 15, 25, ?, 51

(iv) 0, 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?

(v) 48, 24, 72, 36, 108, ?

(i) 4, 16, 36, 64, ?, 144.

Square of Even Numbers

22  =   4

42  =   16

62  =   36

82  =   64

102  =  100

122  =   144

4

16

36

64

100

144

Square of 2

Square of 4

Square of 6

Square of 8

Square of 10

Square of 12

22

42

62

82

102

122

(ii) 30, 29, 27, ?, 20, 15

Subtract 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,….

30 – 29 = 1

29 – 27 = 2

27 – 24 = 3

24 – 20 = 4

20 – 15 = 5

30

29

27

24

20

15

Subtract 1

Subtract 2

Subtract 3

Subtract 4

Subtract 5

Subtract 6

30-1

29-2

27-3

24-4

20-5

15-6

(iii) 1, 7, 15, 25, ?, 51

Addition of even numbers starting from 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, …

1 + 6 = 7

7 + 8 = 15

15 + 10 = 25

25 + 12 = 37

37 + 14 = 51

1

7

15

25

37

51

Addition of 6

Addition of 8

Addition of 10

Addition of 12

Addition of 14

Addition of 16

1+6

7+8

15+10

25+12

37+14

51+16

(iv) 0, 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?

Addition of even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12

0 + 2 = 2

2 + 4 = 6

6 + 6 = 12

12 + 8 = 20

20 + 10 = 30

30 + 12 = 42

0

2

6

12

20

30

42

Addition of 2

Addition of 4

Addition of 6

Addition of 8

Addition of 10

Addition of 12

Addition of 14

0+2

2+4

6+6

12+8

20+10

30+12

42+14

(v) 48, 24, 72, 36, 108, ?

Divide first term by 2 and get second term, third by 2 and get fourth and so on.

48/2=24

72/2=36

108/2=54

48

24

72

36

108

54

Divide by 2

  

Divide by 2

  

Divide by 2

  

48/2

  

72/2

  

108/2

  

Q: 7(b) CSS GSA 2022 Solved – Find the missing number in the series below: Read More »

Q: 6(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Find the missing number in the series below:

(i) 1, 8, 4, 27, 9, ?

(ii) 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, ?

(iii) 2, 8, 512, ?

(iv) 81, 9, 64, 8, ?, 12

(v) 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, ?

(i) 1, 8, 4, 27, 9, ?

Square and Cube Series

1                              square of 1

8                              cube of 2

4                              square of 2

27                            cube of 3

9                               square of 3

64                             cube of 4

1

8

4

27

9

64

16

Square of 1

Cube of 2

Square of 2

Cube of 3

Square of 3

Cube of 4

Square of 4

12

23

22

33

32

43

42

 

(ii) 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, ?

Multiplication and addition series

3 x 2 = 6

6 + 2 = 8

8 x 2 = 16

16 + 2 = 18

18 x 2 =36

3

6

8

16

18

36

Multiply by 2

Addition of 2

Multiply by 2

Addition of 2

Multiply by 2

Addition of 2

3 x 2

6 + 2

8 x 2

16 + 2

18 x 2

36 + 2
(iii) 2, 8, 512, ?

Cube Series:

2 x 2 x 2 = 8

8 x 8 x 8 = 512

512 x 512 x 512 = 134217728

2

8

512

Cube of 2

Cube of 8

Cube of 512

23

83

5123
(iv) 81, 9, 64, 8, ?, 12

Square Root Series:

√81=9

√64=8

√144=12

81

9

64

8

144

12

Square Root of 9

  

Square Root of 9

  

Square Root of 9

  

√81

  

√64

  

√144

 

 
(v) 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, ?

Addition of Multiples of 5

6 + 5 = 11

11 + 10 = 21

21 + 15 = 36

36 + 20 = 56

56 + 25 = 81

6

11

21

36

56

81

Addition of 5

Addition of 10

Addition of 15

Addition of 20

Addition of 25

Addition of 30

6 + 5

11 + 10

21 + 15

36 + 20

56 + 25

81 + 30

Q: 6(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Find the missing number in the series below: Read More »

Q: 8(a) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Ali buys an oven for Rs.36800 and sells it at a gain of 8.5%. For how much does he sell it?

Formulas To be Used In Order To Solve This Problem

Gain % = (Gain X 100)/(C.P)

Gain = S.P – C.P

Given:

C.P = Rs. 36800

Gain% = 8.5%

To Find:

S.P = ?

Solution:

Gain % = (Gain X 100)/(C.P)

8.5 = (Gain X 100)/(36800 )

(8.5 X 36800)/100 = Gain

Gain = 3128

So,

 Gain=S.P-C.P

or

Gain + C.P = S.P

3128+36800= S.P

S.P = 39928

Ali Sold The Oven For Rs. 39928 at a gain of 8.5%.

Q: 8(a) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – Ali buys an oven for Rs.36800 and sells it at a gain of 8.5%. For how much does he sell it? Read More »

Q:8(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – A card is drawn at random from a box containing 12 cards numbered 1,2,3,4,5,…,12. Find the probability of drawing.

(i) ‘8’

(ii) an even number

(iii) a perfect square

(iv) a negative number

(v) a number less than 13

Since, Sample Space or

S=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Then,

(i) ‘8’

Solution:

S=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Let A be the event selecting ‘8’, then n(A)=8

P(A)=(n(A))/(n(S))

P(A)=1/12 

As 8 numbered card is only one in the box, so the Probability of drawing a

card ‘8’ from box will be 1/12 

(ii) an even number

Solution:

S=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Let A be the event selecting ‘even number’, then n(A)=2,4,6,8,10,12

P(A)=(n(A))/(n(S))

P(A)=6/12 

P(A)=1/2 

As Even number cards is six in the box, so the Probability of drawing a card an even number from box will be 1/2 

(iii) a perfect square

Solution:

S=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Let A be the event selecting ‘a perfect square’, then n(A)=1, 4, 9

P(A)=(n(A))/(n(S))

P(A)=3/12 

P(A)=1/4  

As a perfect square number cards is 3 in the box, so the Probability of drawing a card a

perfect square from box will be 1/4  

(iv) a negative number

Solution:

S=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Let A be the event selecting ‘a negative number’, then n(A)=0

P(A)=(n(A))/(n(S))

P(A)=0/12 

P(A)=0

As there is no any negative number card in the box, so the Probability of drawing a card a negative number from box will be 0

(v) a number less than 13

Solution:

S=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Let A be the event selecting ‘a number less than 13’, then n(A)=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

P(A)=(n(A))/(n(S))

P(A)= 12/12 

P(A)= 1

As all numbers in the box are less than 13, so the Probability of drawing a card a

Number less than 13 from box will be 1.

Q:8(b) CSS GSA 2023 Solved – A card is drawn at random from a box containing 12 cards numbered 1,2,3,4,5,…,12. Find the probability of drawing. Read More »

Last Minute Tips for CSS 2023

Few Basic Tips You Must Follow In Order to Give Your Best In Exams.

1. Sleep well few days before exams

2. Focus last 2 to 3 days on English Subjects

3. Use chocolate to relieve stress during exams

4. Use of Blue Marker, Blue Marker, Black Pointer and Blue Pointer (or Gel Pen etc)

5. Attempt Paper with proper Paper Presentation

6. for 10 marks question write 3 to 6 pages & for 20 marks question write 5 to 10 pages & for 5 marks question write 2 to 3 pages

7. Margin on both sides of the pages (one side will be given by fpsc, draw margin on the other side -> This improves paper presentation

8. Use panadol in case if you feeling tired or restless, it will help you.

9. Try to reach Exam Hall, few mins earlier.

10. Have proper Breakfast on the day of exam.

11. If during any exam, you do not know any answer, no need to be restless, read it again, you will surely be able to disect the question.

12. Use of Diagrams, Maps, Flow Charts, Facts and Figures, Case Studies, Verses from Holy Quran, Sayings of Holy Prophet ﷺ, Quotes & Reference will give you more marks.

13. Try to discuss or analyze questions with contemporary issues and focus on providing unique and different solutions.

14. Questions which you construct during exam hall provides you more marks as compared to rote questions. So solve paper with heart.

15. MCQs are important part. Try to get more marks from them.

16. Time management is most important. Keep watching time while you are writing. You must complete paper 2 mins before time runs out.

17. Use One-Liner Notes for Revision

18. At least Cover Past Paper Questions In the form of Outline before going for that particular subject.

19. If you are feeling you are not able to recall what you have studied, no worries, it is quite normal at this stage.

You have worked so hard. This is time you have to perform well. But Do not Push Yourself More. So Do your best and leave rest to Almighty Allah. My Prayers are with you. Good Luck 🙂

Last Minute Tips for CSS 2023 Read More »

International Law MCQs

CSS 2016 MCQs

1. Supervening impossibility:
A. Renders the treaty invalid
B. Terminates the treaty
C. Has no effect on the treaty
D. None of these

B. Terminates the treaty

2. Under the Convention of the Law of the Sea, the breadth of the territorial Sea is:
A. 6 nautical miles
B. 8 nautical miles
C. 12 nautical miles
D. None of these

C. 12 nautical miles

3. The Harmon Doctrine is :
A. Part of International Law
B. Was renounced before it could take roots in International Law
C. Is attempting to earn general acceptance
D. None of these

4. International Law prescribes;
A. A form for the making of international agreements
B. A procedure for the making of. international agreement
C. either form nor procedure but leaves it to the will and convenience of the parties
D. None of these

A. A form for the making of international agreements

5. The limit of the territorial Waters of Pakistan is:
A. 12 nautical miles
B. 20 nautical miles
C. 24 nautical miles beyond the land territory and internal waters; of Pakistan measured from the baseline
D. None of these

A. 12 nautical miles

6. Continental Shelf of Pakistan, may extend up to a distance of:
A. 150 nautical miles
B. 200 nautical miles
C. 300 nautical miles beyond the limit of its territorial waters
D. None of these

B. 200 nautical miles

7. When did East Timor become the member of UNO?
A. 15th September 2002
B. 19th September 2002
C. 14th September 2002
D. 27th September 2002

D. 27th September 2002

8. Which day is celebrated as United Nations Day in the world?
A. September 24
B. August 24
C. October 24
D. November 24

C. October 24

9. Pakistan became the member of UNO on:
A. 30 September, 1947
B. 20 August, 1947
C. 31 December, 1948
D. 30 September, 1948

A. 30 September, 1947

10. Which treaty ended the Mexican-American War of 1844-1846?
A. Treaty of New Echota
B. Treaty of Sevres
C. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
D. Treaty of Shackamaxon 1

C. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

11. Which treaty ended the Crimean War of 1853-1856?
A. Treaty of Paris
B. Treaty of Ancon
C. Treaty of Neuilly
D. Treaty of Waitangi

A. Treaty of Paris

12. Which treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871?
A. Treaty of Trianon
B. Poona Treaty
C. Treaty of Tubingen
D. Treaty of Frankfurt

D. Treaty of Frankfurt

13. Which treaty ended the War of the Pacific of 1879-1883?
A. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
B. Treaty with Tripoli
C. Treaty of Hudaybiyah
D. Treaty of Ancon

D. Treaty of Ancon

14. Which treaty ended the Boer War of 1899-1902?
A. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
B. Treaty of Utrecht
C. Treaty of Vereeniging
D. Treaty of Tubingen

C. Treaty of Vereeniging

15. Which treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905?
A. Treaty of Portsmouth
B. Treaty of Westphalia
C. Treaty of Neuilly
D. Poona Treaty

A. Treaty of Portsmouth

16. Subject of International Law are :
A. States
B. Individuals
C. Both of these
D. None of these

C. Both of these

17. International Law:
A. is superior to National Law
B. Is inferior to National Law
C. Has nothing to do with it
D. None of these

B. Is inferior to National Law

18. The General Assembly is:
A. The principal Organ of UNO
B. An ordinary of UNO
C. A check on the Security Council
D. None of these

A. The principal Organ of UNO

19. International Court of Justice has its head office in
A. Hague
B. New York
C. Paris (France)
D. Geneva

A. Hague

20. Who appoints the Judges of International Court of Justice?
A. General Assembly only
B. Security Council only
C. Secretary-General of the UN
D. General Assembly and Security Council

D. General Assembly and Security Council

International Law MCQs Read More »

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